0
The war in Afghanistan had drained the nation's resources
Hulda Gleason
Add your answer:
Earn +20 pts
When did Emperor Claudius II outlaw marriage?
There is a myth that Claudius Gothicus (or Claudius II, reigned 268-270) banned marriages which is connected to a legend about the origin of Valentine's Day It has been alleged that Claudius II banned marriages because too many people were dogging the draft. Only single men had to join the army. Valentinus, a Christian priest, was caught performing secret marriages. He was sentenced to death and executed on 14th February 269. While he was awaiting execution, young lovers sent him massages about how love is better than war. This story is highly unlikely. It would be very difficult to forbid everybody from getting married and it does not make sense as marriage had been seen as fundamental to society in every society in history. Moreover, military service was voluntary and the poor joined the army because it gave them a career and pay for 20 years and a pension in the form of the grant of a plot of land to farm or a considerable lump sum. There is no need to dodge military service if it is voluntary and, in additions to this, there are economic incentives in a military career. Furthermore, Claudius Gothicus spent his very short reign fighting incursions into the Empire by the Goths- hence the name Gothicus, which means winner against the Goths. He would have been too busy with war to pursue the alleged policy. Valentine's Day was established later, in 469 by emperor Gelasius. He established a holy day in honour of Valenitus to replace the pagan fertility rites of the Lupercalia and of Juno Fructifier which were very popular among the Romans
Why did Romans think Rome was the center of the world?
Because at that time, it was. Think of a world where there are no airplanes; that the average travel is by beast of burden. Then think of the marvelous news that came from this exotic, cultural place called Rome. Those who went and came back told incredible tales. If you were a citizen, you were afforded certain rights not given to many others. Rome was financially, scientifically and legally important. Rome has influenced almost all facets of our lives, including the calendar we use, the wedding cakes we cut and the wreaths we hang out at Christmas. Oh, and by the way, Christmas was originally Sol Invictus, a Roman holiday. If you are a June bride, you are following the June tradition of marrying under the benevolent auspices of Juno. Let's also mention that they have the greatest food on earth. When in Rome... and out of it... we still do as the Romans.
What is the basic story of the Song of Roland?
The following is the plot of the Song of Roland from Wikipedia: "Charlemagne's army is fighting the Muslims inSpain. The last city standing is Saragossa, held by the Muslim king Marsilla. Threatened by the might of Charlemagne's army of Franks, Marsilla sends out messengers to Charlemagne, promising treasure and Marsilla's conversion to Christianity if the Franks will go back to France. Charlemagne and his men, tired of fighting, accept his peace offer and select a messenger to Marsilla's court. Protagonist Roland nominates his stepfather Ganelon as messenger. Ganelon, who fears to be murdered by the enemy and accuses Roland of intending this, takes revenge by informing the Saracens of a way to ambush the rear guard of Charlemagne's army, led by Roland, as the Franks re-enter Spain through the mountain passes. As Ganelon predicted, Roland leads the rear guard, with the wise and moderate Oliver and the fierce Archbishop Turpin. The Muslims ambush them at Roncesvalles, and the Christians are overwhelmed. Oliver asks Roland to blow his olifant to call for help from the Frankish army; but Roland proudly refuses to do so. The Franks fight well, but are outnumbered, until almost all Roland's men are dead and he knows that Charlemagne's army can no longer save them. Despite this, he blows his olifant to summon revenge, until his temples burst and he dies a martyr's death. Angels take his soul to Paradise. When Charlemagne and his men reach the battlefield, they find the dead bodies of Roland's men, and pursue the Muslims into the river Ebro, where they drown. Meanwhile Baligant, the powerful emir of Babylon, has arrived in Spain to help Marsilla, and his army encounters that of Charlemagne at Roncesvalles, where the Christians are burying and mourning their dead. Both sides fight valiantly; but when Charlemagne kills Baligant, the Muslim army scatters and flees, and the Franks conquer Saragossa. With Marsilla's wife Bramimonde, Charlemagne and his men ride back to Aix, their capital in France. The Franks discover Ganelon's betrayal and keep him in chains until his trial, where Ganelon argues that his action was legitimate revenge, not treason. While the council of barons assembled to decide the traitor's fate is initially swayed by this claim, one man, Thierry, argues that, because Roland was serving Charlemagne when Ganelon delivered his revenge on him, Ganelon's action constitutes a betrayal. Ganelon's friend Pinabel challenges Thierry to trial by combat, in which, by divine intervention, Thierry kills Pinabel. The Franks are convinced by this of Ganelon's villainy; wherefore he is torn apart by galloping horses and thirty of his relatives are hanged."
What methods were used in the middle ages to determine guilt or innocence?
People in the Middle Ages did not approach crime forensically, like you see in the CSI shows. In medieval legal proceedings, guilt or innocence was established in three ways, either by direct witness testimony, an oath, or -- until the thirteenth century -- by ordeal. If someone saw a person commit a crime, or was injured or attacked by someone, they would go before a judge and make an accusation. There was generally no presenting of physical "evidence" or "exhibits" like you have in modern criminal proceedings. Both sides, along with any potential witnesses, would be summoned to court and allowed to tell their sides of the story and the accused would either admit guilt and offer to pay compensation to the plaintiff, or would maintain their innocence and swear an oath that they were not guilty. Often times, the accused would have to produce a number of "oath helpers" or members of the community who were willing to put up money or property guaranteeing that the accused person was innocent and would not cause further trouble. If the judge(s) accepted the oath and oath helpers, then the person was free to go unless more information came to light, or they fled the jurisdiction or otherwise reneged on their oath. The status of a person mattered a great deal: poor or unfree people were subject to the whim of their lord's judgment, whereas the wealthy and the noble had more avenues to pursue justice. The death penalty was imposed infrequently, and usually only for very serious crimes such as murder, brigandry, or treason. In cases where there were no witnesses and no clear way to establish whether the accused was guilty, the court was allowed to use an ordeal, which took different forms over time, but usually involved a dangerous task, the outcome of which was interpreted as a divine sign of who was in the right. One common ordeal was for the defendant to reach into a cauldron of boiling water to retrieve an object. If his arm appeared unscathed, his testimony was affirmed. Nobles and knights would often undergo ordeals by battle in which they personally, or, more commonly, hired professionals, would fight a duel to determine the outcome of a case. The ordeal is often held up as evidence of the irrationality or cruelty of medieval legal thought, but in reality it was a way of forcing two litigating parties to come to an arrangement and settle their dispute. Nobody wanted to end up taking a case to an ordeal because the outcome could not be controlled. In 1215, the Fourth Lateran Council forbade Christians from participating in judicial ordeals. Despite the popular image of the Middle Ages as violent and cruel, torture as an interrogation tool was not widely used in secular contexts. Torture was, however, employed by the Inquisition to extort confessions from suspected heretics or their sympathizers. The inquisitors appropriated it from Roman law, which allowed for its use in some cases.
What kind of rule does Caesar have?
Gaius Julius Caesar (13 July 100 BC) - 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman and a distinguished writer of Latin prose. He played a critical role in the gradual transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire.In 60 BC, Caesar entered into a political alliance with Crassus and Pompey that was to dominate Roman politics for several years. Their attempts to amass power through populist tactics were opposed within the Roman Senate by the conservative elite, among them Cato the Younger with the frequent support of Cicero. Caesar's conquest of Gaul, completed by 51 BC, extended Rome's territory to the English Channel and the Rhine. Caesar became the first Roman general to cross both when he built abridge across the Rhine and conducted the first invasion of Britain. These achievements granted him unmatched military power and threatened to eclipse Pompey's standing. The balance of power was further upset by the death of Crassus in 53 BC. Political realignments in Rome finally led to a standoff between Caesar and Pompey, the latter having taken up the cause of the Senate. Ordered by the senate to stand trial in Rome for various charges, Caesar marched from Gaul to Italy with his legions, crossing theRubicon in 49 BC. This sparked a civil war from which he emerged as the unrivaled leader of the Roman world.After assuming control of government, he began extensive reforms of Roman society and government. He centralised the bureaucracy of the Republic and was eventually proclaimed "dictator in perpetuity". A group of senators, led by Marcus Junius Brutus, assassinated the dictator on the Ides of March (15 March) 44 BC, hoping to restore the constitutional government of the Republic. However, the result was a series of civil wars, which ultimately led to the establishment of the permanent Roman Empire by Caesar's adopted heir Octavius (later known as Augustus). Much of Caesar's life is known from his own accounts of his military campaigns, and other contemporary sources, mainly the letters and speeches of Cicero and the historical writings ofSallust. The later biographies of Caesar by Suetonius and Plutarch are also major sources.Early life and careerThe cognomen "Caesar" originated, according to Pliny the Elder, with an ancestor who was born by caesarean section (from the Latin verb to cut, caedere, caes-). The Historia Augusta suggests three alternative explanations: that the first Caesar had a thick head of hair (Latin caesaries); that he had bright grey eyes (Latin oculis caesiis); or that he killed an elephant (caesai in Moorish) in battle. Caesar issued coins featuring images of elephants, suggesting that he favoured this interpretation of his name. Despite their ancient pedigree, the Julii Caesares were not especially politically influential. Caesar's father, also called Gaius Julius Caesar, governed the province of Asia, while his mother, Aurelia Cotta, came from an influential family. Little is recorded of Caesar's childhood. Caesar's formative years were a time of turmoil. There were several wars from 91 BC to 82 BC, although from 82 BC to 80 BC, the dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla was purging Rome of his political enemies. Domestically, Roman politics was bitterly divided. In 85 BC Caesar's father died suddenly so at sixteen Caesar was the head of the family. The following year he was nominated to be the new high priest of Jupiter. Since the holder of that position not only had to be a patrician but also be married to a patrician, he broke off his engagement to a plebeian girl he had been betrothed to since boyhood, and married Lucius Cinna's daughter Cornelia. Then, having brought Mithridates to terms, Sulla returned to Rome and had himself appointed to the revived office of dictator. Sulla's proscriptionssaw hundreds of his political enemies killed or exiled. Caesar, as the nephew of Marius and son-in-law of Cinna, was targeted. He was stripped of his inheritance, his wife's dowry and his priesthood, but he refused to divorce Cornelia and was forced to go into hiding. The threat against him was lifted by the intervention of his mother's family, which included supporters of Sulla, and the Vestal Virgins. Sulla gave in reluctantly, and is said to have declared that he saw many a Marius in Caesar.Caesar was born into a patrician family, the gens Julia, which claimed descent from Iulus, son of the legendary Trojan prince Aeneas, supposedly the son of the goddess Venus.Caesar left Rome and joined the army, where he won the Civic Crown for his part in an important siege. On a mission to Bithynia to secure the assistance of KingNicomedes's fleet, he spent so long at his court that rumours of an affair with the king arose, which Caesar would vehemently deny for the rest of his life. Ironically, the loss of his priesthood had allowed him to pursue a military career: the high priest of Jupiter was not permitted to touch a horse, sleep three nights outside his own bed or one night outside Rome, or look upon an army. Hearing of Sulla's death in 78 BC, Caesar felt safe enough to return to Rome. Lacking means since his inheritance was confiscated, he acquired a modest house in a lower-class neighbourhood of Rome. Instead, he turned to legal advocacy. He became known for his exceptional oratory, accompanied by impassioned gestures and a high-pitched voice, and ruthless prosecution of former governors notorious for extortion and corruption.On the way across the Aegean Sea, Caesar was kidnapped by pirates and held prisoner. He maintained an attitude of superiority throughout his captivity. When the pirates thought to demand a ransom of twenty talents of silver, he insisted they ask for fifty. After the ransom was paid, Caesar raised a fleet, pursued and captured the pirates, and imprisoned them. He had them crucified on his own authority, as he had promised while in captivity-a promise the pirates had taken as a joke. As a sign of leniency, he first had their throats cut. He was soon called back into military action in Asia, raising a band of auxiliaries to repel an incursion from the east.Bust of Caesar from theNaples National Archaeological Museum.On his return to Rome, he was elected military tribune, a first step in a political career. He was elected quaestor for 69 BC, and during that year he delivered the funeral oration for his aunt Julia. His wife, Cornelia, also died that year. After her funeral, in the spring or early summer of 69 BC, Caesar went to serve his quaestorship in Spain. While there he is said to have encountered a statue of Alexander the Great, and realized with dissatisfaction he was now at an age when Alexander had the world at his feet, while he had achieved comparatively little. On his return in 67 BC, he married Pompeia, a granddaughter of Sulla, and whom he later divorced. In 63 BC, he ran for election to the post of Pontifex Maximus, chief priest of the Roman state religion. He ran against two powerful senators. There were accusations of bribery by all sides. Caesar won comfortably, despite his opponents' greater experience and standing. When Cicero, who was consul that year, exposed Catiline's conspiracy to seize control of the republic, several senators accused Caesar of involvement in the plot.After his praetorship, Caesar was appointed to govern Spain, but he was still in considerable debt and needed to satisfy his creditors before he could leave. He turned to Marcus Licinius Crassus, one of Rome's richest men. In return for political support in his opposition to the interests of Pompey, Crassus paid some of Caesar's debts and acted as guarantor for others. Even so, to avoid becoming a private citizen and open to prosecution for his debts, Caesar left for his province before his praetorship had ended. In Spain, he conquered two local tribes and was hailed as imperator by his troops, reformed the law regarding debts, and completed his governorship in high esteem. Asimperator, Caesar was entitled to a triumph. However, he also wanted to stand for consul, the most senior magistracy in the republic. If he were to celebrate a triumph, he would have to remain a soldier and stay outside the city until the ceremony, but to stand for election he would need to lay down his command and enter Rome as a private citizen. He could not do both in the time available. He asked the senate for permission to stand in absentia, but Cato blocked the proposal. Faced with the choice between a triumph and the consulship, Caesar chose the consulship.
Why did Mikhail Gorbachev pursue glasnost and perestroika?
The war in Afghanistan had drained the nation's resources
Why did soviet leader Gorbachev pursue glasnost and perestroika?
Gorbachev pursued perestroika because it was also known as the end of the Communist Era, when he abolished Communism in Russia. Glasnost was pursued to further open up the political system in Russia.
Compare and contrast the reforms of Khrushchev and Gorbachev?
Gorbachev introduced reforms such as the anti-alcohol campaign, Perestroika, and Glasnost. Perestroika means rebuilding or restructuring and it was introduced to make socialism work more efficiently. Glasnost means openness to public and it was called for increased openness in government institutions.Khrushchev had different political and social reforms like the worker's social reform, abolishing education and college fees, and comrade courts.Khrushchev and Gorbachev had different reforms, but the political problems they faced were similar. They were both in weak positions to pursue reformist policies.
What is a sentence for pursue?
When you go to college, you pursue a degree.
How many parts of speech is the word pursue?
The word pursue is a verb.Dogs pursue cats. Cats pursue mice.
What is the synonyms for pursue?
pursue, chase
What is an antonym for pursue?
An antonym for pursue is flee.
Use pursue in a sentence?
College students have the opportunity to pursue a good education but some choose to pursue childish fantasies.
What area of education do you need to pursue?
Pursue what interests you.
Use the word pursue in a sentence?
Examples of the nuances of pursue:He's planning to pursue a career in biology.The police had to pursue the robbers, but they did finally catch them.You can pursue the guy, but if you catch him you may not want to keep him.I pursue perfection.
Can you write 'to pursue his dream'?
Only if you spell "pursue" correctly.
Can you pursue MBA after finishing your engineering?
yes u can pursue...
