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The Middle ages followed the fall of the western part of the Roman Empire. By this time, Roman civilisation had disappeared. Therefore, it was a post-Roman development. The decline of the population of Roman cities occurred during the Roman days, not during the Middle Ages.

There was a decline in the urban population in the Roman Empire during the crisis of the third century. This was a military and economic crisis. Militarily, the Roman army found it difficult to cope with numerous attempts at invasions at various points of its vast frontiers. Economically, there was a breakdown in trade due to hyperinflation. Runaway inflation was caused by years of debasement of the Romans coins by several emperors. The precious metal content of coins was decreased to increase the amount of coins to pay for state expenditure. This devalued the currency. Eventually the coins became worthless. Trade declined because the currency had no value. This led to a decline of the urban economy which was based on producing manufactures for long distance trade. With the decline of urban employment many people migrated to the countryside in search for a living there. These people werehired by the owenrs of large landed estates as servile labour. This the origins of medieval serfdom are found in the late Roman Empire. During the next two centuries, the Roman Empire never recovered from this economic decline.

The Dark Ages is an old fashioned term for Middle Ages and is now avoided by historians because of its negative connotations and because it misrepresents this historical period. It used to be thought that this period was one of cultural decline, but it had now been shown that this was not always the case.


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Q: Why did Romans abandon most of the towns and cities while the dark ages?
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