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Last so long? Don't make the mistake of comparing a war in the middle of the 19th century to those in more recent years. For one thing, nobody was riding around in vehicles that were engine powered, and nobody was giving orders by telephone. Messages on the battle field were carried by men on foot or on horseback, and a brigade could only move as fast as it could march on it's feet. Getting in to a position to defend or attack took as much as three days to accomplish, and nobody moved at night. You also have to consider the nature of the country that was being fought on. Mountains and rivers cause great delays to men on foot. Finally, the nature of a civil war is to have great annimosity on both sides and that all ways causes things to be prolonged, as neither side wants to admit defeat. Additional reasons were that defense dominated offense. Even after a defeat the defeated army could provide enough defense to punish the exausted victor. Therefore, victories were selom followed up on, such as at Antietem and Gettysburg. At Shiloh, it took a cautious North months to pursue the South the few miles to Corinth. Another factor was the timidity of the generals who were satisfied to win a battle and rest on their laurels. Generals like Grant And Stonewall Jackson came along and realized that success could only be attained by relentless pursuit at any cost, with the total distruction of the enemy force the primary objective.

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Q: Why did the American Civil War last so long?
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