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To secure Athens from Piraeus
The building of the long walls linking Athens with its port of Piraeus
The human-made system of defense, defense walls, also known as long walls, connected the city of Athens to port of Piraeus. Salvatore Salsa
The long walls of Athens protected Athens and its physical harbour of Piraeus. The distance was 24 kms. Remnants of the wall may be noticed in specific areas even today.
Athens first rebuilt its defensive walls. The agora was its market place, and much lower priority.
The Long Walls - these walls allowed the defenders during a siege to get access to the port, allowing them to import food, and send out naval forces to attack the home cities of besiegers during their absence.
It was walled, and three 'long walls' were also built connecting it to Athens, so a garrison could move between the two, depending on where the threat eventuated. The port had a sea barrier to protect it. This security enabled Athens to resupply itself from abroad when besieged, and also to send out amphibious forces to attack the home cities of besiegers as a counter.
Pericles had guided Athens into a war with the Peloponnesian League which was led by Sparta. He was confident that the walls of Athens and its superior navy, financed by the empire which Athens had created, would prevail. Two years later Pericles died of a plague which engulfed the Athenians penned up in an unhealthy environment within the city walls. Subsequent populist leaders led the people into risky deviations from his plan, and after another disastrous 25 years of war, Athens surrendered and was stripped of its empire, becoming a second class power.
The Peloponnesian League led by Sparta besieged Athens in an attempt to starve it into coming to terms. The Athenians brought its people inside the walls and defended them, using its navy to bring in food, and to raid the Peloponnesian cities.
When Pericles brought all Athenians inside the city walls for protection, the Plague of Athens came about. With the area becoming over populated there was a shortage of food and other supplies. People were living in close proximity to each other and with poor hygiene, resulted in the spread of disease.
The ramparts didn't protect Athens from the sea, they provided a secure connection between its port and the walled city, so that even if the city was beseiged it could still ger in its food by sea, and still man its navy to harrass the home countries of attackers.They were called the Long Walls, running parallel to each other from the port of Piraeus to the City
The acropolis is the walls of Athens. To answer your question, it is surrounds Athens.