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The empire was never split into two parts. Eastern Roman Empire and Western Roman Empire are terms which have been coined by historians. The Romans has only one term: Roman Empire.

Emperor Diocletian created a tetrarchy (rule by four). He was a senior emperor with fellow general Maximian who was his co-emperor. Maximian was senior emperor in the west and Diocletian was senior emperor in the east. Two junior emperors were also appointed. They were subordinate to the senior emperors and took charge of areas of the frontiers which were under the greatest pressure from attacks from outside, the river Rhine in the west and the river Danube in the east. The four units were administrative units of a single empire. Diocletian stressed that the empire was indivisible. The arrangement was designed to improve the defence of the vast frontiers of the empire which were constantly attacked.

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