The first space probe, Sputnik 1 in 1957, was incapable of reaching Mars.
There were many more important and pressing things that had to be learned before anyone had the capability to send a probe to Mars.
Sojourner, in 1997.
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mars
The first Mars space probe expeditions that did not land on Mars were the Mariner missions, specifically Mariner 4, Mariner 6, and Mariner 7. These missions provided the first close-up images of Mars and valuable data about the planet's environment.
The mariner spacecraft explored Mercury, Mars, and Venus. The first successful space probe and first spacecraft visit to a planet was Mariner 2.
The Mariner 9.
The Viking Space Probe was actually two different probes. Viking 1 and Viking 2 were used to explore Mars. The probes took photographs, did experiments and deployed instruments to the surface of Mars.
The Russian space probe Mars 2 went to space in the year of 1973.
NASA's voyager probe is the only probe sent to explore Uranus on 24th January,1986. A proposed probe known as Herschel Orbital Reconnaissance of the Uranian System by Applied Physics Lab of John Hopkins University is likely to be launched in 2021 for exploration of Uranus.
The NASA space probe Pathfinder landed on Mars in July 1997.
The first Mars space probe expedition that did not land on Mars by the US was Mariner 4, launched on November 28, 1964. It provided the first close-up images of another planet as it conducted a flyby of Mars on July 14, 1965, sending back 21 photos.
Valles Marineris, after the Nasa Mariner space probe that first imaged this huge scar on Mars