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Hoplites were heavily armed infantry soldiers in ancient Greek city-states, known for their distinctive bronze helmets, shields, and spears. They formed the backbone of Greek armies and fought in close formation known as a phalanx. Hoplites played a crucial role in shaping Greek warfare and society during the classical period.
A falangi is a term that refers to a group of ancient Macedonian infantry soldiers who fought in a phalanx formation. The phalanx was a military formation where soldiers stood close together, overlapping their shields and using long spears to attack the enemy.
Attacks by Hoplite infantry formations presented a dangerous battlefield situation for the ancient Persians. In situations where the Persians were relying on their light infantry, it became a challenge to defeat the hoplite heavy infantry attacks. One method was to establish an aray of archers some distance from a hopelite formation. Far enough away to prevent a spear attack, but close enough for archery arrows. With their light cavalry, the Persians would attack each flank of the hoplite formation. The cavalry attacks would force the hoplite formation to stop its march and defend each side of their formation. This allowed the large Persian archery force to shower the immobilized and distracted hopelites. The combined counter offensive of the Persians, the archers and the light cavalry would defeat the hoplite army.
The Infantry, through the use of fire and maneuver, close with and kill the enemy to achieve an objective.
Phalangeal from the word Phalanx, which was a group of heavily armed ancient Greek infantry formed in ranks and files, close and deep, with shields joined and spears overlapping
Flat land allowed it to keep close formation and change its frontal direction easily, however that also favoured enemy cavalry, so the phalanx needed its own cavalry support to protect it, and also th stop enemy light infantry from attacking from all sides.
Before Roman armies were close enough for hand to hand combat with an enemy army, they had what is called a "first use weapon". For the Romans this would be the javelin or spear. It was thrown into the enemy ranks. For example other first use weapons of other ancient armies such as soldiers in the Persian empire was the bow and arrow.
Put the detainees in close-column formation.
The ancient Romans kept expanding their empire, at least well up into England, if not Scotland. To defeat the people already living in land that they wanted, their large armies could defeat nearly any opposing army. For the Roman armies of marching men, horse-riding leaders and especially chariot soldiers, roads were a necessity not only for the armies to get to, or at least close to the fighting, but also to enable movement of the large amount of non-soldier traffic needed to supply the soldiers. The roads also enabled message runners to run faster to deliver their messages.
The xiphos was made as a type of ancient Greek sword, designed for close combat and used primarily by infantry soldiers. It was crafted for slashing and thrusting motions, making it an effective weapon in hand-to-hand combat situations during that time period.
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The phalanx was a key military formation used by ancient Greek city-states, particularly during the 5th to 4th centuries BCE. It consisted of heavily armed infantry soldiers, called hoplites, arranged in close ranks and files, allowing for a unified front that emphasized discipline and collective strength. This formation revolutionized warfare by enhancing the effectiveness of citizen-soldiers and fostering a sense of unity and civic identity among the troops. The success of the phalanx contributed to the rise of powerful city-states like Athens and Sparta and influenced military tactics in subsequent cultures.