Business and copyright can cross paths many different ways. Any business would want to protect its written materials, advertising, and so on. But some businesses exist specifically to license protected content, such as music publishers.
It depends on the type of company. A record label, for example, would spend a lot of time licensing copyrights from publishers, as well as defending its own copyrights. Some companies are creating protected content, and others are using it.
So that the consumers or buyers know that the product they buy is originally made by that company and to ensure the rights of both parties.
Yes; unless other arrangements were made, the copyright holder of a boardgame would be the copyright holder of the iPhone app of the boardgame, for example. However, most boardgame companies license their products to computer gaming companies.
Licensing companies help other businesses get the proper licenses needed to keep their products. This can include trademarks and copyright issues.
Products are better protected by trademark than copyright; registration can be done online at the link below.
Outdoor Products is a registered trademark of Outdoor Recreation Group.
Companies that package products.
You probably wouldn't want to copyright a product; you might want to trademark it, or (if it's revolutionary) apply for a patent.
Neither the corporation nor its products would be protected by copyright. They do, however, control a number of trademarks.
Transfer of copyright can be handled by a simple written agreement. Most legal form companies offer them cheaply, but explicit (and free) instructions are in the copyright law, linked below.
A copyright holder (regardless of whether it is for music, books, software, etc.) must protect their own rights though vigilance and if necessary filing lawsuits against violators. It is possible to hire legal firms that will perform these for you and publishing companies typically have an internal legal department for this purpose. All of this of course costs money and raises the cost of these products (even if no violations occur).
No; formal registration is not required for protection.
The photographers would have been able to register their Autochrome images for copyright protection, but such protection will have expired by now.
Companies which specialize in producing foundation and concealer products include Stila Cosmetics, Almay and Revlon. You can learn more about these companies and their products online at their respective websites.