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Coal is formed when plant material from ancient times becomes fossilized. The material becomes buried by sediments, so that oxygen is excluded and it doesn't rot. As the sediments build up the plant material is subjected to increasing pressure and may be heated. All this causes the carbon compounds making it up to change, largely to hydrocarbons and carbon. The fossilization process is quite random. The initial plant material can vary, though often it was tree ferns from the carboniferous era, around 300 million years ago. Another important factor is how old the coal deposits are. The older they are, in general the greater the proportion of compounds which are converted to carbon. This tends to make hard, black coals such as anthracite which burn relatively cleanly.

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Q: Why do different types of coal have different compositions?
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