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This is because furnaces are an enormous electrical load! The electric furnace for my 3 bedroom apartment is on a 60A 240V breaker. That means that for a medium sized apartment the furnace can use up to 14.4kW. Wow! Because the power draw is so high, the heater element runs at 240V instead of 120V. To draw that much power off 120V, the circuit would have to be rated to 120A. That is an enormous circuit, and is possibly enough to blow a main breaker if enough other appliances are on. By doubling the voltage a load you can halve the amount of current it draws. This allows for lighter wire, smaller control hardware, and is "healthier" for the house's electrical system.

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Q: Why do furnaces use two phases of the home supply?
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