I will assume you are talking about a major scale on a piano, and the scales other than C major. (Similar answer for minor scales other than A minor.)
A major scale sounds the way it does because of the pattern of half-steps and whole-steps. A C scale has half-steps between E and F; and between B and C. But suppose you start on a different note--D, for example. D to E is a whole step (so far so good). for the second to third, you need another whold step, and that takes you to F sharp. After the third is a half-step, shich puts you on G natural, then whole to A, whole to B; but from the sixth to seventh, a whole step puts you an C sharp. Finally, the half-step back to the root puts you on D natural.
The sharps and flats (black notes)
A run of notes, most scales have eight notes.
They don't all have black notes. The scale of C Major contains the notes C, D, E, F, G, A, B, none of which is black.
Scales are a series of notes played in a specific order, while modes are variations of scales that start and end on different notes within the same scale.
The notes for scales on the piano are the exact same notes for corresponding scales on the saxophone. However, as the alto saxophone is in Eb and the tenor saxophone is in Bb, you will have to account for these differences by raising the piano notes by a minor third or lowering the piano notes by a whole step, respectively.
For specific notes, ask about a specific scale.
That is a misconception. Just as you can have a major scale that starts on any of the 12 tones, you can have pentatonic scales starting on any tone as well. It is the spacing and the number of notes that make a scale pentatonic. Incidentally, you can have a pentatonic melody with standard (non-pentatonic) harmonies accompanying it.
It depends on the scale in question: * The diatonic scale (seven notes) * The melodic and harmonic minor scales (seven notes) * The chromatic scale (twelve notes) * The whole tone scale (six notes) * The pentatonic scale (five notes) * The octatonic or diminished scales (eight notes) Then of course there are the Indian Swara scales which have varying numbers of notes too.
I think the general consensus is that our concepts of scales and notes originated in ancient Greece.
Music scales are a series of notes arranged in a specific pattern, while keys are the set of notes that a piece of music is based on. Each key is associated with a specific scale, and the notes in that scale determine the key of the music. In other words, the scales provide the foundation for the keys in music.
If you mean music scales, you need to be more specific, there are all sorts of scales - A m(inor), E flat (major),D (major)...
Modes and scales are both sequences of musical notes, but they differ in how they are constructed and used. Scales are a series of notes arranged in a specific pattern, such as major or minor, while modes are variations of scales that start on different notes within the same scale. In simpler terms, scales are like the building blocks of music, while modes are different ways to use those building blocks to create different sounds and moods in a piece of music.