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When the Romans invaded Albion (now Great Britain) in AD 43, they established the province of Britannia, which derived from the Greek Prettanike or Brettaniai. Thus the Britons were the Celtic people who dominated the land prior to the invasion, predominantly those in the south, known as the Brythonic areas (now England and Wales). After the invasion, the Britons established settlements in Brittany (France) and Britonia (now Galicia) in Spain.

The Romans also referred to Pictavia (Pictland), the lands to the north of their frontier, as Caledonia (now Scotland) referring to the central tribe, the Caledonii. However, many Scots today refer to Scotland by its Gaelic name, Alba, which derives from Albion. The phrase, "Saor Alba Gu Brath" (free Scotland for ever), is familiar to many, now more than ever.

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