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When you cut through an onion you break open a number of the plant cells. These cells contain enzymes, also amino acid sulphoxides. When they escape, these react and decompose to form sulphenic acid, which is a volatile gas.

The gas reaches your eyes and reacts with the water in tears producing a weak sulphuric acid, which irritates the eyes. The body's response to the irritation is to produce more tears in an attempt to dilute the irritant and wash it out of the eyes.

When this happens, the temptation is to rub your eyes, but as there is probably onion juice on your hands this only makes things worse.

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Q: Why do your eyes sting when near onions?
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