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What is an aberrant protein?
An aberrant protein is a protein that deviates from its normal structure or function due to mutations or errors in the genetic code. These abnormal proteins can lead to various diseases and health conditions.
How do mutations impact protein synthesis?
Mutations can affect protein synthesis by changing the sequence of DNA, which can lead to errors in the production of proteins. This can result in altered or non-functional proteins being made, which can impact the overall functioning of cells and organisms.
How can mutations impact the process of protein synthesis?
Mutations can impact protein synthesis by changing the sequence of DNA, which can lead to errors in the transcription and translation process. This can result in the production of abnormal proteins or the absence of necessary proteins, affecting the overall function of the cell or organism.
How do mutations add new information?
Mutations can add new information by creating changes in the genetic code, such as inserting or deleting DNA sequences or altering a single nucleotide. These changes can lead to the production of new proteins with different functions or properties, which can contribute to genetic diversity and evolution.
Why are organisms sometimes unaffected by mutations?
Organisms can be unaffected by mutations due to several mechanisms. Some mutations occur in non-coding regions of DNA, which do not affect gene function or protein production. Additionally, certain mutations may lead to synonymous changes that do not alter the amino acid sequence of proteins. Furthermore, an organism may possess redundant pathways or compensatory mechanisms that mitigate the effects of a harmful mutation, maintaining normal function.
What results in a defect in membrane proteins that normally function in chloride ion transport?
Defects in membrane proteins that normally function in chloride ion transport can result from mutations in genes coding for those proteins. These mutations can lead to altered protein structure or function, affecting the ability of the protein to transport chloride ions across the membrane correctly. This can result in conditions such as cystic fibrosis, where mutations in the CFTR gene lead to defective chloride ion transport.
Sometimes genes are damaged or are copied incorrectly resulting in faulty?
When genes are damaged or copied incorrectly, it can lead to mutations. Mutations can affect how proteins are made in the body, which can disrupt normal cellular functions and potentially lead to diseases or disorders. Genes can be damaged by environmental factors like UV radiation or through errors during cell division.
How do frameshift mutations affect the structure and function of proteins?
Frameshift mutations occur when nucleotides are inserted or deleted from a gene sequence, causing a shift in the reading frame during protein synthesis. This can lead to a completely different amino acid sequence being produced, resulting in a non-functional or altered protein structure. As a result, frameshift mutations can disrupt the normal function of proteins and potentially lead to genetic disorders or diseases.
What are extranuclear mutations?
Extranuclear mutations are genetic changes that occur outside of the cell nucleus, typically in the mitochondria. These mutations can affect mitochondrial function and lead to various disorders, including mitochondrial diseases. Extracellular mutations can be inherited maternally and can have implications for energy production and cellular metabolism.
Where is genetic information stored in DNA and how does it impact an organism's traits and characteristics?
Genetic information is stored in DNA within the nucleus of a cell. This information determines an organism's traits and characteristics by controlling the production of proteins, which are essential for various biological functions. Mutations in DNA can lead to changes in the proteins produced, resulting in different traits or characteristics in an organism.
What are point mutations?
Point mutations are a knock out of a single A.A. pair that shifts the whole code causing cancer or miss development of all the proteins behind it. Point mutations can be seen in K-Ras gene and the innactivation of the P53 to not stop the genetic mutation to arrect the cell cycle. The p53 is a tumor repressing gene.
What happen when there are mistakes made during protein synthesis?
The ribosomes are the " workbench " of protein synthesis with the rough ER accepting some polypeptide chains from the ribosomes studding it into it's lumen for modification. Then the modified proteins are shipped to the Golgi for further modification and shipment to wherever they are needed.
