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This has primarily been due to what is called the Arctic Oscillation, and its regional subset the North Atlantic Oscillation. These are large-scale features of the atmosphere that dictate how atmospheric mass is distributed across the northern part of the Northern Hemisphere. Both of these oscillations have been strongly (record-breaking, even) in their negative modality, and as a consequence there is a strong meridional (north-south) component to the atmospheric flow. This means there is a lot of transport of air from the low to high latitudes in some parts of the world, while it is vice versa in others.
In the negative mode there tends to be a strong ridge of high pressure situated around Greenland, which pulls a lot of air from further south over the Atlantic up through the North Atlantic, including Greenland and Iceland. Conversely, a strong trough gets locked into place both downstream and upstream, i.e., over eastern North America and Western Europe, bringing Arctic air down and holding it in place. This "blocking" ridge over Greenland keeps the trough to the west from making its usual easterly progression. Furthermore, when the Arctic Oscillation is so strongly negative, it tends to reinforce itself and rebound to the negative phase when the atmosphere tries to balance itself out.
There are a few other teleconnections and forcings that play a role in this, but they are not quite as significant. This past month, all of them lined up nearly perfectly to provide for cold and, at times, snow conditions for parts of eastern North America and Europe.
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What was the weather on November 13 2000?
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