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Pathogens cause a variety of problems when they are inside our bodies. First, let's talk about bacteria. Most bacteria release substances which are toxic to our bodies: since this is inside us, it can damage our organs. Bacteria replicate very quickly and there is only a limited amount of room inside our bodies. This means that they quickly get overcrowded and then put pressure on our organs (further damaging them). In the case of viruses, it is extremely important that we can defend ourselves. Viruses enter our cells' nuclei and replace a part of our DNA with theirs. Normally, this is harmless but if the virus gets to an important part of our DNA, it can completely stop some of our body systems working. Due to all of these reasons, it is vital that we stop pathogens entering and damagind our bodies.

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Q: Why is it important for humans to have lines of defense against pathogens?
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