Surface wind speed is slower because there is friction to slow it down, whereas upper atmosphere wind speed is unobstructed.
yes, of course different surface different amount of friction
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All planets do. The difference is that for gas giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune), the speed of the "surface spin" is often quite different from the rotation of the atmosphere, which will vary by latitude.
Different pressure levels will vary speed and direction
Please remember that close to Earth's surface, a satellite must move at a speed of about 7900 meters/second. If it is inside the Earth's atmosphere, the force of friction will make the satellite lose energy. As a result, it will soon crash to the Earth's surface.
Wind tends to reach a maximum about 3/4 of the way up in the atmosphere above 20-25,000 feet. It is a minimum at the surface, where friction slows it down. Above the boundary layer, at a couple thousand feet, is generally where air is no longer slowed by friction from the surface.
It has a high speed as it begins re-entry, but the earths atmosphere slows it down as it approches the surface. The heat comes about due to the friction of the atmosphere on the shuttle as it slows.
These days they can gather lots of different data in the atmosphere. There can take profiles of the temperature, humidity, optical thickness of the atmosphere...they can look at clouds, look inside them, measure every type of particle size in clouds and in the air, they can measure precipitation and precipitation rates, wind direction and speed....they're far from perfect, but they can measure most variables in the atmosphere and ocean surface.
The shuttle uses the atmosphere to slow itself down from orbital speed.
Light has a single speed in a vacuum - which is almost 300,000 kilometers per second. Once light enters Earth's atmosphere, it will be slightly slower.
1- temperature which effects the size of drops, 2- distance from the earth surface, 3- impurities present in atmosphere and 4- direction of the wind.
The moon has no atmosphere ! Earth's atmosphere heats up anything travelling at speed - most meteor are less than the size of a tennis ball. Their relatively small size means they simply 'melt' as they pass through our atmosphere. Only the very largest asteroids survive to strike our planet.