Generally, powering up isn't as much of a problem, although certain peripheral equipment may not be identified during startup if they aren't already on when the computer tries to find them. Just put everything on a single shut-off switch and that problem should be solved. As for the shutdown process, certain operating systems leave files in strange "states" during operation and if the computer does not go through an orderly shut down the files will not be updated properly and will be corrupted next time your computer attempts to read them.
For removable media the above answer is true. If the hardware is a peripheral accessory device (scanner, printer, etc) the only risk is corrupting the operating system (typically & unfortunately Windows) drivers which could (but unlikely) have adverse and unpredictable results. The damage or dysfunction which could occur to the actual hardware are always described in the documentation which came with the device.
There really is no inproper way to power up a computer its plug it in and hit the power butten. If you mean power down this is important. The computer mus dumb its RAM, Write to registry or save setting in order for it to no risk lost of DATA or the return of unwanted DATA. Also some computers require a cool down fase
so it could work
Well...electricity, but I think you want more of an answer that deals with hardware, and in that case, it would be the power unit.
No. Frequently powering down your computer actually helps lengthen its lifetime. Continually running the computer even when you're not using it stresses the components.
Rom bios
Hot-swapping refers to the removal and/or addition (swapping) of hardware into a computer system while it is running. On a normal desktop computer this is a very stupid thing to do and will result in damaged hardware and/or electrocution, but file servers are often designed specifically to allow the replacement of certain components (usually hard drives or power supplies) without powering the machine down. This is done by having redundant hardware that kicks in when needed allowing the device in question to be powered off and removed.
Hot-swapping refers to the removal and/or addition (swapping) of hardware into a computer system while it is running. On a normal desktop computer this is a very stupid thing to do and will result in damaged hardware and/or electrocution, but file servers are often designed specifically to allow the replacement of certain components (usually hard drives or power supplies) without powering the machine down. This is done by having redundant hardware that kicks in when needed allowing the device in question to be powered off and removed.
shut down , log off lock
USB
hot plugging
yes, because you need a CPU for processing and powering the computer
A cold boot is done by completely powering down the computer to off and then starting the computer fresh. A warm boot is restarting the computer without powering the computer off.
battery does not power the transmission,but it does run the computer that tells the transmission what to do
Powering vehicle's and powering buildings