Because we are in a position to see the plane of the galaxy edge on. http://seds.org/Messier/more/mw.html
A spiral galaxy or barred galaxy, the milky way is one.
In 1785 a star study of the heavens produced a star map of the Milky Way Galaxy that slightly resembled an amoeba (micro biologists might disagree) [See link] Since the Hubble telescope, no galaxy has been found, yet, that resembles an amoeba. There is a possibility than an a irregular or a merging galaxy might resemble one, one day.
Difficult to say. There are no fixed markers in space, no road signs, nothing that everyone might agree on as the "starting point" for measurement. It appears - to US - that the Milky Way Galaxy is here, and almost everything else is moving away from us. (Curiously, the Andromeda Galaxy is coming CLOSER, and we expect Andromeda to collide with the Milky Way in about 4 billion years, more or less.) People who live on planets orbiting stars in any other galaxy would see the same thing; their galaxy would be in the middle, and everything else would be moving away from THEM. We're here, and all of our measurements are measured relative to the Earth, or our Sun, or our Galaxy. That's all we know.
Simple answer no if the Milky Way did not exist there would be no human race. We are part of the Milky Way galaxy in the most fundamental ways. We live here. We evolved here. Every element that goes up to make the Earth and you except hydrogen and most of the helium comes from stars that lived and died billions of years ago within the Milky Way. We owe our entire existence to the Milky Way. It is absolutely probable that life has arisen in far off galaxies. They might even look remarkably like humans although that is very doubtful but still they will not be humans.
We (and the sun) are on a far arm of the Milky Way Galaxy. If you look up in the sky on some clear nights, you can see an almost greenish cloud-like mass. That's the rest of the Milky Way Galaxy. Since we're out on a limb, we can see the rest of it. If that doesn't make sense, think of it this way- If you are at the top on the far west side of a football stadium, then you can see the whole stadium, top and bottom, in a pretty much unobstructed view. That's about where we are in the galaxy. Of course, we are constantly spinning and moving, but we'll be in the same relative place for quite a while.
Because we are part of this galaxy.
There are two I can think of that you might be referring to: 1) Galaxy which is distributed by the Mars confectionery company . 2) Milky way which is also distributed by the Mars confectionery company.
A spiral galaxy or barred galaxy, the milky way is one.
It will "merge" not collide with the Milky Way Galaxy in about 4 billion years times.
The earth is in the Milky Way Galaxy. There are estimates now that there could be more galaxies than there are grains of sand. Hundreds of billions at least.
Because of the clouds of gas and dust that exist in the Milky Way, we are unable to see stars near the core of the galaxy. So, if there is one there, it does not have a name. But it is entirely possible that there is not star at the center of our galaxy. Recent radio telescope observations indicate that many galaxies contain hyper-massive black holes at their centers, and our own Milky Way might be among them.
The solar system, including the Sun, the Earth and Jupiter, are part of the Milky Way galaxy. There is no "distance" involved. You might as well ask how far away you are from your left toenail.
Considering the Solar System is part of the Milky Way Galaxy, that might give you a clue. The Solar System is about 4 light years in diameter, depending on how you measure it. The Milky Way is 100,000 light years in diameter.
Come back in a few billion years and the question might be answerable. Till then, we don't know.
Any individual star you can see is in the Milky Way galaxy... with one possible exception. Supernovae in nearby galaxies might be bright enough to see as individual stars.
In 1785 a star study of the heavens produced a star map of the Milky Way Galaxy that slightly resembled an amoeba (micro biologists might disagree) [See link] Since the Hubble telescope, no galaxy has been found, yet, that resembles an amoeba. There is a possibility than an a irregular or a merging galaxy might resemble one, one day.
Not much is known about other planets, except for the few that are nearby. There isn't even a good estimate on how many planets there might be in the Milky Way; but there are probably several hundred billions of them.