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An n-type semiconductor is typically pure silicon, doped with a Group 5 element, such as gallium.

Silicon has four (4) electrons in its valence shell, while gallium has five (5). Therefore, when they bond, the fifth electron is promoted to the conduction band as the other 4 have been filled up. This is also called a donor atom.

Now, since there are free electrons in the conduction band, they carry 'extra' negative charge. Thus, it is called an n-type semiconductor.

The p-type semiconductor is similar, except a Group 3 element is used, such as boron. This has 3 valence electrons, creating a positive charge carrier (hole) in the lattice. Thus, there are more positive 'charges,' making it a p-type semiconductor.

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The charge of the 'excess' charge carriers gets balanced by an equal and opposite charge of the ionized cores in the lattice.

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Q: Why n type and p type semiconductors have gauge factor as negative and positive respectively?
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