The basic reason is historical - although there were many different types of early logic gates the first series that was really used in large volume was the 54xx/74xx series from Texas Instruments - and they operated on a 5V supply and used nominal 0-5V logic levels.
They can be used for error checking. If the transmitter is off frequency, the logic gates can be used to inhibit the transmitter, to stop interference. Early forms of PLL (Phase Locked Loop) control may also use logic gates to act as dividers. This is normally taken care of by a single dedicated chip, these days.
Its a very versatile chip. It can be used in many places where logic control is required. As there are four identical NOR gates in one package, the inputs and outputs can be configured to make up quite complicated logic gates. Being a NOR gate, the the output will be at supply level, until one or both of the inputs are taken high. At which point the output will go low. The uses are many and varied. The 4000 series of chip are CMOS, so they can work at voltages between 5 and 12volts at low current.
Positive is normally taken to be bigger.
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By just connecting two BJT such that both gets inputs at the BASE and emitter of one is connected to the collector of another BJT. Then the upper transistor should provide potential about 15V at the collector and the emitter of of the lower BJT is grounded as well as taken output. This will give you results according to the truth table of AND logic gate but mind it that result will not in 0 and 1 rather in high and low voltages.
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An AS Level is a qualification taken in college in the United Kingdom, equivalent to half of an A level.
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