You should have tenant insurance yourself because the landlords insurance only covers the damage to HIS PROPERTY, not yours. So I VERY HIGHLY suggest you get personal insurance if you want to replace damaged/stolen items.
If the tenant damages the property he is liable for such damages. The Landlord may or may not have his own insurance for this purpose but the tenant is liable. If the Tenant has his own insurance (Renter's Insurance) then the Tenant may file a claim and damages will be covered by that insurance.
From an insurance perspective the landlord should have coverage on the building and the tenant should have coverage on his/her contents. Legal liability may be a different issue depending on the circumstances of the fire.
Every landlord is required to have insurance, but now the question is what type of insurance. Property insurance is likely the type of insurance that the landlord is carrying. This does not cover anything inside the property that belongs to the tenant. For this, the tenant needs to purchase separate insurance called renters insurance.
The Landlord can keep the deposit for any damage. No matter who or how it was caused. You should have renters insurance to take care of anything like this.
In most states, the responsibility for vandalism falls on the tenant of a building if the persons who did the vandalism were guests of the tenant. If it can be proven in court that the tenant had no knowledge of the vandalism and does not know who the criminals are, the landlord's insurance should pay for the damage.
In many places, depending on the lease, the landlord can insist on the minimum amount of insurance the tenant has.
Yes. The tenant should be considered the landlord of the sub-tenant. Therefore, he can evict, just like any landlord.
Landlords generally require a tenant to have a certificate of insurance showing that the tenant has personal belongings insured, as the landlord's policy doesn't cover personal property of the tenant.
The Landlord
Usually tenants are responsible for accidents in their apartments. But that doesn't stop injured people from suing EVERYONE including the landlord, on the theory that maybe the reason for the accident was something the landlord was responsible for (bad electric wiring that the tenant made worse for example) or say a bathtub that had no 'non-slip' strips in the bottom and the tenant got hurt. So the landlord will want to be what's called an "additional insured" on a tenant's liabilityinsurance policy. That's the kind of insurance that protects against things like accidents that hurt people and damage property. By adding the landlord's name, if the tenant and the landlord are sued, the tenant's insurance company would be required to also defend the landlord. That doesn't mean that if the landlord loses that the tenant's insurance company pays the damages that the landlord owes, it just means the insurance company pays for the lawyer and defense team.
Your "Renter's Insurance" should be the one paying the claim. It is your responsibility as a tenant to report any property damage to the landlord, and at the same time it should have been reported to your insurance carrier. If, per chance, one does not have renters insurance (which escapes all understanding why one wouldn't have this) then the tenant is responsible for all damages above what is considered normal wear and tear.
If the tenant's health issues are caused by the landlord's violation of health and building codes, then the tenant can sue the landlord. The landlord's insurance would normally get involved at this point, as opposed to being sued directly. If the tenant has special health needs that the landlord isn't meeting, then too bad, move. As long as the health and building codes are being complied with, tenants cannot force a landlord to take extraordinary measures.