Hydrogen is the most commonly observed element in the universe and is likely contained in every planet.
No. Planets are formed after stars are and in most cases planets are consumed by the same star. Some stars can exist long after they have exhausted their supply of hydrogen and heavier element as red giants. Some even may last over 100 of trillions of years.
No. Stars that have depleted the hydrogen in their cores may start fusing heavier elements.
The composition of Our Gas Giants may resemble that of Our Sun, yet they have not the Power Of Ignition! The rocky composition of the inner planets bears no resemblance at all. Stars are mostly Hydrogen. the core of stars is under so much pressure that the Hydrogen undergoes fusion into Heliun and a few heavier elements. Planets are too small for this to happen.
The composition of Our Gas Giants may resemble that of Our Sun, yet they have not the Power Of Ignition! The rocky composition of the inner planets bears no resemblance at all. Stars are mostly Hydrogen. the core of stars is under so much pressure that the Hydrogen undergoes fusion into Heliun and a few heavier elements. Planets are too small for this to happen.
Outer planets may have small rocky centers, or possibly centers of frozen hydrogen, we are not sure.
The most common element in the Universe - and in most stars - is hydrogen. Stars have smaller amounts of helium, and still smaller amounts of "metals" (heavier elements). Some stars may have burnt out their hydrogen, and consist mainly of helium and heavier elements. It really depends on the star's stage in its life cycle.
they are long strains of hydrocarbons if the contain double bond it makes them unsaturated and it may cause some differences in physical properties
Older age might account for it. As a star ages, it uses up the simplest elements (hydrogen . . . helium . . .) then starts fusing heavier and heavier elements. Our Sun will get to the point of fusing iron, which is pretty heavy, but the truly large stars out there will fuse elements much heavier than Iron. These heavier and heavier elements may account for some stars having more complex elements in their spectra.
It's theorized that the deep interiors of gas giant planets like Jupiter may be mainly liquid metallic hydrogen.
After using up its hydrogen-1, the star becomes a red giant. It will start fusing helium-4 into heavier elements. It may also fuse heavier elements, to get other elements that are yet heavier.
The Sun is mainly hydrogen and some helium. The inner planets are mainly rock with metallic cores. The outer planets are mainly hydrogen and helium with other things such as water, ammonia and methane. They may have rocky cores. Then there are the asteroids, dwarf planets, comets, etc. These contain rock, dust, ices and gas in various amounts. That's a brief outline of the materials in the Solar System.
Probably, and at least partially. Our Sun and all the planets were once gas drifting in space. In the case of the planets, including the Earth, every atom of any element heavier than lithium has already been deep in the core of a star that died long ago. Our theory of the Big Bang is that immediately after the Big Bang, everything in the universe was pure energy. Over the following seconds or years or eons (our math on that is still pretty shaky) much of the energy "condensed" into matter in accordance with Einstein's mass-energy equivalence E=MC^2. Most of the newly-formed matter was hydrogen; some was helium, and a tiny fraction would have been lithium. The theory is that no heavier elements would have been possible at that time. Millions of years passed, and gravity caused some of the clouds of hydrogen to collapse into stars, probably far larger than any that now exist. The huge stars would have exhausted their hydrogen fuel quickly, fusing the hydrogen into helium, and then collapsing in supernova explosions that would have generated SO MUCH energy SO quickly that the light elements would have fused into heavier ones. So the calcium in your bones and the iron in your blood, and the gold in your jewelry was created in the cores of massive stars - and was quickly blasted out into space in the supernova explosion. Our Sun, and our planets, formed from the clouds of gas and dust thrown into space by uncountable numbers of extinct stars. Eventually, our Sun will expand into a red giant and will throw off much of its mass in the transition; this may vaporize the nearby planets. In the VERY distant future, our elements may be caught in the gravitational collapse of some future solar nebula. The hydrogen will become their new sun, and our mass may be bound up in new planets.