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the binary semiconductors used to make LEDs have forward bias voltages from 1.5V to 6V depending on color (1.5V for IR-red to 6V for blue-UV) because the bandgap voltage of the semiconductor is higher than silicon. This higher bandgap is where the photons generated get their energy from.

germanium has a lower forward bias voltage of 0.2V because the bandgap voltage is lower.

metal-semiconductor contacts, like point contact diodes and schottky barrier diodes, can have forward bias voltages under 0.1V

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Q: Why the voltage drop across LED is around 2V instead of 0.7V?
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