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Actually, it existed well before the reign of David I. The site has been fortified since the Iron Age.

You are probably referring to King David's Tower, the foundations of which are now below the Half Moon Battery.

As to why the castle was built in the first place, the answer is geological. The castle sits on top of an extinct volcano, and together with what's known today as the Royal Mile, this forms a 'crag and tail' formation. This is because during the last ice age, a glacier swept past the volcano from west to east, scraping away sheer cliffs on three sides but leaving a gentle slope on the east side. Early settlers saw the great defensive qualities of these features, which is why they chose to build there.

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Q: Why was Edinburgh castle built for king David the 1?
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