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There were high expectations for the Spanish Armada because it was one of the biggest war fleets ever assembled, and plans were that it would be joined from the southern Netherlands by a second Spanish invasion fleet under the Duke of Parma, carrying a sizable army of battle-hardened veterans. Moreover, King Philip of Spain rather optimistically expected the Catholics in England to rise and support him against the Protestant Queen Elisabeth I as soon as the army would land.

Truth be told, the Armada's commander - the Duke of Medina-Sidonia - had studied the invasion plans drawn up in Madrid beforehand, and wrote to the King about his grave misgivings and of the many organizational and tactical flaws of the plan. But the courtiers refused to pass on his comments to the King. Medina-Sidonia also had orders to leave the actual command of the fleet to a Spanish admiral appointed to the task - he was to only lead from the invasion on, for which he was well-qualified. Unfortunately, this admiral was overly cautious, deliberately missing an easy opportunity to destroy the whole English fleet in harbour, for no other reason than the fact that the King had not mentioned this harbor in his orders.

In the end, the English fleet harassed the Armada to the extent that it could not sail directly to its destined landing area, and a Dutch fleet blockaded the harbor where the Spanish auxiliary fleet was waiting to sail. In the meantime, a storm developed that scattered the Spanish fleet, blowing most of the ships to Scotland and beyond.

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