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According to The Bible, the source of the division between the Northern and Southern Kingdoms of Israel and Judah respectively comes from Solomon's successor Rehoboam failing to lift the tax burden on Israelites as well as his lead general Jeroboam's charisma in leading ten of the Israelite tribes to secede from Rehoboam's country and establish another dominion.

Archaeologically, there is insufficient evidence at this point to say whether or not the Northern and Southern Israelite Kingdoms were ever united. (This is not to say that they were not or that they were, but that we do not have enough evidence to be sure either way.)

They remained politically divided as there was never an attempt by either state to conquer the other state. They were far more useful to one another as allies against other secondary powers like Aram, Moab, and Phoenicia as well as against the larger powers like Assyria (which eventually destroyed the Northern Kingdom of Israel), Egypt, and Babylonia (which eventually destroyed the Southern Kingdom of Judah).

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Rehoboam's father, King Solomon, had levied relatively heavy taxes, which had been used for such large-scale endeavors as building the First Temple. The fact that the nation was so prosperous and happy in his time (1 Kings 4:20) demonstrates that Solomon conducted his governance in a praiseworthy manner.


After Solomon's death, the people approached his son Rehav'am (Rehoboam) and asked that he now lower the tax. He ignored the counsel of his elder advisers and refused the people's request. This led the Ten Tribes to turn away from him (1 Kings ch.12).

The background reason was because King Solomon had been less than perfectly righteous. This led God to punish him by diminishing his dynasty in the lifetime of his son (Rehoboam). 1 Kings ch.11.

A deeper reason is that God wanted the more righteous people of Judah to be influenced by the Ten Tribes as little as possible.

See also:

Solomon's errors

Jewish history timeline

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Q: Why was there a southern and northern kingdom of Israel?
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What is northern kingdom of the israelities?

That would be the kingdom of Israel. The Southern Kingdom was called Judah.


What tribes the the Hebrews divide in after the death of Solomon?

the kingdom of israel and southern kingdom of judah


What was the northern kingdom of israel called?

Exactly that: the Northern Kingdom of Israel.


How many tribes made up the Northern kingdom of Israel and how many tribes made up the Southern kingdom of Israel?

The tribal arrangement in Israel was based on descent from the 12 sons of Jacob. These twelve family heads produced the "twelve tribes of Israel." Two Tribes made up the Northern Kingdom of Isarel, Judah and Benjamin. The other 10 Tribes made up the Southern Kingdom of Israel. 1 Kings 11:29-38


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The fall of the Northern Kingdom (Israel) occurred in 722 BC when the Assyrians conquered it. The fall of the Southern Kingdom (Judah) occurred in 586 BC when the Babylonians conquered it. Therefore, there are approximately 136 years between the fall of the Northern and Southern Kingdoms.


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The capital of the Northern Kingdom of Israel was Samaria while the capital of the Southern Kingdom of Judah was Jerusalem. The Modern State of Israel has its capital in Jerusalem as well.


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Originally, Ancient Israel was a tribal confederacy, but the strong opposition of Philistines required a more centralized system, which resulted in a monarchy. After a short while, the monarchy cleft into a northern and southern kingdom. The northern kingdom was destroyed by the Assyrians and the southern kingdom was conquered by the Babylonians about 150 years later.


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