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In the eighteenth century, Germany and Italy were fragmented into numerous independent states and principalities, lacking the political unity required for empire-building. The Holy Roman Empire, which encompassed many German states, was a loose confederation with limited centralized power, while Italy was divided into various kingdoms and city-states, each with its own governance. Additionally, both regions faced external pressures and conflicts, such as the War of Spanish Succession and the Napoleonic Wars, which further hindered the formation of unified empires. This fragmentation prevented either nation from establishing a cohesive imperial structure during that period.

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