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Not all languages support a TO keyword. It is commonly found in languages such as BASIC and is used to define a closed range of values. In the context of a FOR loop, it is used to define the closed range of values for the loop's control variable.
For example:
FOR x=1 TO 10
PRINT x
NEXT x
Here, the FOR statement defines a control variable named x in the closed range [1:10]. Note that a closed range is an inclusive range, thus the body of this loop will execute for all values x where 1<=x<=10. Initially, x is assigned the lower bound of the range, 1.
At the start of each iteration, x must be evaluated to ensure that it is in the valid range of values. If it is in the range, execution passes to the first statement in the loop, where we print the value of x. When we reach the NEXT x statement, x is incremented (adding 1 to the value of x) and control passes to the start of loop where x is re-evaluated.
In this case, our loop will print the values 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10.
When x is 10, the NEXT x statement will increment x to 11 and pass control back to the start of the loop where x is re-evaluated. At this point x is no longer in the valid range of values so execution passes to the statement immediately following the NEXT x statement, thus terminating the loop.
A FOR statement can also include a STEP value, which determines the amount we increment the control variable at the end of each iteration. The default STEP value is 1. However, if we wish our loop to count backwards, we must provide a STEP value of -1:
FOR x=10 TO 1 STEP -1
PRINT x
NEXT x
Output: 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1.
We can also STEP by values other than 1 and -1.
FOR x=1 TO 10 STEP 2
PRINT x
NEXT x
Output: 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9.
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