There can be a lot of reasons for this so the short answer here is take it to the vet to have it checked out. Cat's will often urinate outside of their litter box when they have urinary tract infections, bladder stones, or other health issues. You also can be seeing the beginnings of feline dementia which is seen in older / elderly cats sometimes.
Your cat may have bladder stones (this happened to me) and wants to find a comfortable place to urinate, as the litterbox is obviously less comfortable than a bed.
Um, that's not a common problem people have but, maybe it's a fragriance on your sons bed, and clothing that the cat likes.
Maybe it smells of food and then the cat is attracted to it. Or it could be that your son is wetting the bed and blaming it on the cat.
Take any cat that struggling to urinate directly to the Vet, this is very serious. A cat, especially male, can die quickly from urinary crystals.
while cat and other animals age thy loose control of some of there senses,including the nerve that allows the brain 2 tell the cat when it needs 2 urinate.
yes, a cat is very adeapt in climbing or getting into areas that you wouldn't expect. A loft bed-bunk bed would be ideal for a cat, they like high places....
Perhaps he just lost control, or perhaps he is marking you with his scent.
I don't think you can unless the cat wants to. Cats only urinate where they think it's safe and where it won't get in the way of anything. They usually urinate in sand pits, or boxes, or just places they know they are allowed to 'urinate' in!
An indoor cat usually does not require a heated bed and often will find places in the house that are comfortable such as laying in a spot on the floor in the sun. An older cat can benefit from a heated bed if they have arthritis.
Yes you can, such as a cat has a litterbox. Only you'll have to train it to urinate in that place.
No
a normal house cat can tend to urinate in the forest if it is close and there is no litter box