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You would become an apprentice
someone might want to be a guild so they can learn and become a better worker.
The only armour that is close to the thieves guild is the actual thieves guild armour which you get when you become a full member of the guild or there is the nightingale armour which you get when you become a nightingale priest
Yes, as the owner you are all the a member of the guild. Your level of rank however is at the highest point, so you would be considered an administrator or moderator for your guild.
Most guild you can join simply by clicking "Join Guild" on the left sidebar. If the guild is private, a member will need to invite you before you can join. If you go to the Guilds section on the Neoboards and create a new post saying that you are guildless/looking for a guild to join/etc., you will almost surely get many responses from people that would be happy for you to join their guild.
The process of joining a guild in Oblivion depends on the guild. Mages Guild and Fighters Guild - simply visit one of the guild halls in any of the major city holds. As long as you don't have a bounty on your head, they'll let you join. Thieves Guild - You need to either have been told about the Thieves Guild by bribing a beggar (or just having a high personality and being naturally likeable) or by spending some time in a jail. If you take the jail route, someone will deliver you a note telling you how to join the guild. Dark Brotherhood - Kill someone in the game. The message 'Your killing has been observed by forces unknown' may appear. If it doesn't, you'll just need to keep killing people.
The steps to becoming a master in a guild started with apprenticeship, working for a guild master for a number of years in exchange for food, a place to sleep, and education. The next step was to be a journeyman, working at the trade for a number of years, usually as a paid employee of a different master. Finally, the journeyman prepared a "masterpiece," which was designed to show off his skill. The masterpiece was judge by a jury of masters of the guild, and if they agreed that it showed mastery, then the journeyman would be a master.
That depends upon the organization of which you would like to become a member.
They would protect and give food to the families and this is only if a guild member died
They would protect and give food to the families and this is only if a guild member died
The usual path to guild membership started with apprenticeship. As a child of six or seven, a person would be apprenticed to a guild master who provided education in exchange for work. The apprenticeship usually lasted until the child was a young adult and adept enough at the trade or craft to work independently. Normally, the next step was for the person to be a journeyman. A journeyman learned more of the craft or trade from different masters. A journeyman also worked independently on his masterpiece, which was a project specifically intended to show his ability. The final step was to have the masterpiece judged. If it was good enough, the journeyman could be admitted as a guild member. There were many different guilds, and they were not all organized identically. Some had different grades of membership, and in some cases membership was granted to the widows of guild members so they could continue family businesses, with much of the work done by journeymen under the widow's supervision.
The details vary, depending on the specific religion; usually you would ask the specific religion you are interested in, for details.