The atmospheric flow in this area of South America is from the east, from the Atlantic Ocean. Any moisture would be forced to drop as rain or snow on the eastern slopes of the Andes Mountains and nothing would fall on the western, or Atacama side, so no glaciers could form. The same lack of moisture is what causes the Atacama Desert.
That would be the Atacama Desert in northern Chile.
The region would be South America.
The glen would have been created by glaciers and the formation of the mountains. Water would have come down from the mountains and from rain to form the lakes, and that still happens today.
That would be called a Fjord
That would be called a Fjord.
Many topographical features may be the result of glaciers. Lakes, sharp ridges on mountains, and glacial striations are some examples of these.
Africa
It's possible, though it would be difficult to find them. They are formed when ice breaks off glaciers and there are many glaciers in the coastal mountains. You would have the best chance in northern BC, near Alaska. They are much more common in eastern Canada.
Only in Cities and towns would one find food markets in the Atacama Desert.
The Atacama is in a state of perpetual drought so it really can not get any drier than it already is. So if there was a drought in 1517, it would not really have been noticeable in the Atacama.
Yes, a person can stay in the Atacama. If they bring a tent and plenty of water and food. To stay in a hotel a person would have to stay in one of the cities or towns found in the Atacama.
The Atacama Desert is the driest place on earth and I have already been there. I have traveled the entire length of the desert from south to north by bus. It was an interesting trip but not the highlight of our vacation in South America. I am happy to have seen the Atacama but would probably not return.