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Ans. Principle 'Maurian in 1.960 fabricated the first laser using a ruby crystal. It's a three level solid laser. In this laser, chromium ions are embedded in ruby crystal and chromium ions behaves as active medium.
Construction : A ruby laser consists of a single cylindrical crystal of ruby whose ends were flat. One of the ends were completely silvered and others were partially silvered. The two ends thus formed the resonant cavity. Ruby consists of Aluminium oxide with some of Aluminium ions replaced by chromium ions. The A1203 crystal serves as a medium to suspend chromium ions. For a good lasing action a ruby crystal consists of about 0.05% chromium. High concentration of chromium can be used.
Working The energy levels of chromium ions are shown in fig. The bands labelled E1 and E2 have a very small life time (10-8 sec) whereas the metastable state M has a much longer lifetime of 3 x 1 0^-3 sec. The ruby crystal is placed inside a flash lamp filled with Xenon gas. The flash lamp is connected to a capacitor which discharges energy of order, of a few thousand joules in a few milli-seconds resulting in a power output from flash lamp of a few megawatts. A part of this energy gets absorbed by chromium ions in ground state. Chromium ions gets excited to an energy level inside the bands E1 and E2 . Transitions to E1 'and E2 are caused by radiation of wavelegth 6600 A - 4000 A. The chromium ions make a very fast non radiative transition from the excited state to the metastable state marked M.
Since, this state M has a very long life, the no. of atoms in this state keeps on increasing. Thus a state of population inversion is achieved between states M and G. Thus we may have a larger no. of atoms in state M than in G. Once state of population inversion is achieved, light amplification takes place.
The flash operation of the lamp leads to pulsed output of laser. As soon as flash lamp stop operating, the laser action stops till the arrival of next flash from lamp.This is known as spiking process. Thus the output of ruby laser is not continuous.
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A ruby rod Theodore Maiman built the first working laser using a ruby rod while working at Hughes Research Laboratories in Malibu, California. It lased for the first time on May 16, 1960.
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does the ruby laser treat bolld vessels
How is he-ne laser superior to ruby laser?
Helium neon laser is better than ruby laser or most of the four level lasers are better than three level lasers due to the following reasons: The laser output is continuous in the case of helium-neon laser. But it is in the form of pulse in the ruby laser. Ruby laser requires high power pumping source, whereas Helium-neon laser requires low power pumping source like electric discharge. Efficiency of helium-neon laser is more than ruby laser. The defects due to crystalline imperfections are also present in the ruby laser. But it is not so in the helium-neon laser.
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Not usually. Laser pointers are usually diode lasers.
Difference between he-ne laser and ruby laser?
1.he-ne laser is gaseous state. Ruby is solid state laser. 2.he-ne laser requires electrical pumping. ruby laser requires optical pumping. 3.he-ne laser has 4 energy levels. ruby has 3 energy level. 4.he-ne laser gives continuous output. ruby laser gives output in form of pulse 5. he-ne laser is cheaper
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^The object I know of is a ruby.
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This is kirit vaghela, The answer for the above question is that as far as ruby laser is concerned the pupmping is used is nothing but it is completed by optical pupmping.
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What is the Ruby laser wavelength?
A ruby laser is a red laser with a wavelength between 694 nm and 628 nm. 1 nanometer = 1×10−9 meter.
