Having no catalytic converter installed is illegal and can cause a myriad of problems. Probably not a backfire though.
There are several things that can cause your 2000 Chevrolet to backfire and die. The most common cause is a plugged catalytic converter.
Yes, it is possible. It will also cause severe loss of power.
A rich burn condition would cause too much fuel to build up and oxygen would be available at the catalytic converter during deceleration resulting in backfiring and excessive heat in the catalytic converter. Check the O2 sensor, air filter, injectors and plugs for anything that might allow raw fuel into the exhaust system.
Engine mounts
Yes, internal coolant consumption can damage a catalytic converter.
No, the catalytic converter is downstream from the EGR valve so it has no effect on it.
A bad catalytic converter will cause a severely restricted exhaust system. You would notice a lack of power and performance from you vehicle and in cases of a completely blocked converter, the engine may not run.
A defective catalytic converter can do that.
Yes
If the converter is partially clogged it can cause the engine to overheat which can cause serious problems. Other than that if will not harm the engine.
No, the catalytic converter has nothing whatsoever to do with your defrost system.
A bad catalytic converter can cause hard starts if it has become clogged. This produces excessive back pressure in the engine.