There are a handful of Lv12 monsters, all of which have their own summoning requirements that must be followed. But yes, all of them are Special Summoned, none of them are Normal Summonable.
No, Ritual Monsters are 'special summon only' monsters, the only way they can initially reach the field is by Ritual Summon through an appropriate spell card, or by a card that specifically allows you to ignore this, like Ritual Foregone.
Yes. To Special Summon a Level 7 Toon Monster, you must Tribute any two monsters on your side of the field. For Levels 5-6, you must Tribute one. For Levels 7 and above, you must Tribute two. High Level Toon Monsters follow the same guidelines as Tribute Summons. Note that it is considered a Special Summon, not a Tribute Summon.
No, because Tribute Summon is treated as a Normal Summon. Monsters that require tribute for a special summon (Toon monsters, Destiny Hero Plasma) are still Special Summons, not Tribute Summons.
Yes, it just won't get any special effects.
Well the first issue is that if you declare LIGHT, Tualatin itself will be destroyed. If he leaves the field, his continuous effect is no longer applied, so the opponent is still able to normal or special summon Light monsters. If Tualatin somehow survives this destruction in some way (ie, a continuous effect made his attribute into non-LIGHT) then yes, while he remains face-up on the field, the opponent cannot normal or special summon Light monsters.
As long as they were properly summoned first (ie, successfully reached the field due to a Synchro Summon) then yes, you can summon them from the graveyard with cards like Call of the Haunted.
Unless specifically stated otherwise, a monster special summon method is for when it is in the hand only. So Treeborn Frog special summons itself from the graveyard because the effect says so. But Cyber Dragon special summons from hand - even though it does not say so, the hand is the default zone, it cannot special summon itself from the gfraveyard. Likewise, Hardened Armed Dragon must be in your hand to use its special summon effect.
well judging by you question, I'm assuming that your opponent has a monster on the field. if that's the case then yes, since cyber dragon's effect lets you special summon it-which doesn't count as a normal summon-which means you can still normal summon on the same turn.
Not if you normal summon. if you special summon, then yes.
Yes, you are able to normal summon then fusion summon, because the fusion summon is a special summon
If it is not specifically denied, then yes. For example, if Stardust Dragon is removed from play, you can Special Summon it by using a card such as D.D.R. - Different Dimension Reincarnation.
yes, you can special summon him by paying 1000 life points.