Histoplasma complement fixation

Answer 1

Definition

Histoplasma complement fixation is a blood test that checks for signs of infection due to a fungus called Histoplasma capsulatum (H. capsulatum). Some people who breathe in particles of this fungus may get an infection called histoplasmosis.

See also:

• Histoplasmosis - chronic pulmonary
• Histoplasmosis - disseminated
• Histoplasmosis - acute (primary) pulmonary
• Histoplasmosis - skin lesion

Alternative Names

Histoplasma antibody test

How the test is performed

You will need to give a blood sample.

The complement fixation test checks the blood for antibodies to H. capsulatum. Antibodies defend the body against bacteria, viruses, fungus, or other foreign body (antigen). Certain cells tell the body to produce antibodies during an active infection. If the antibodies are present, they stick, or "fix" themselves, to the antigen. That is why the test is called "fixation."

The test specifically looks for the antibodies in the clear liquid portion of the blood (serum). This general term for this method is called serology.

How to prepare for the test

There is no special preparation for the test.

How the test will feel

You may feel a prick or stinging sensation when the needle is inserted to draw your blood. Some people may have moderate pain. Afterward, there may be some throbbing.

Why the test is performed

Histoplasma complement fixation is one of the most commonly used methods to test for a fungal infection caused by H. capsulatum.

Normal Values

The absence of antibodies (negative test) is normal.

What abnormal results mean

Abnormal results may indicate an active histoplasmosis infection.

People who have been exposed to H. capsulatum in the past may also have antibodies to it, often at low levels. However, they may not have shown signs of illness.

Note: In the initial stage of an illness, few antibodies may be detected. Antibody production increases during the course of an infection. For this reason, such tests are often repeated several weeks after the first test is done..

What the risks are

Veins and arteries vary in size from one patient to another and from one side of the body to the other. Obtaining a blood sample from some people may be more difficult than from others.

Other risks associated with having blood drawn are slight but may include:

• Excessive bleeding
• Fainting or feeling light-headed
• Hematoma (blood accumulating under the skin)
• Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken)

References

Kauffman CA. Histoplasmosis. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007: chap 353.

Answer 2

Definition

Histoplasma complement fixation is a blood test that checks for signs of infection due to a fungus called Histoplasma capsulatum (H. capsulatum). Some people who breathe in particles of this fungus may get an infection called histoplasmosis.

See also:

• Histoplasmosis - chronic pulmonary
• Histoplasmosis - disseminated
• Histoplasmosis - acute (primary) pulmonary
• Histoplasmosis - skin lesion

Alternative Names

Histoplasma antibody test

How the test is performed

A blood sample is needed. For information on how this is done, see: Venipuncture

The complement fixation test looks to see if the body has produced antibodiesto a certain antigen (a substance that triggers an immune response) -- in this case, the Histoplasma capsulatum fungus. If antibodies are present, they attach to the antigen. This combination activates, or "fixes" complement, and this activation can be measured. That is why the test is called "complement fixation."

The test looks for antibodies in the clear liquid part of the blood (serum). The general term for this method is called serology.

How to prepare for the test

There is no special preparation for the test.

How the test will feel

You may feel a prick or stinging sensation when the needle is inserted to draw your blood. Some people may have moderate pain. Afterward, there may be some throbbing.

Why the test is performed

Histoplasma complement fixation is one of the most commonly used methods to test for a fungal infection caused by H. capsulatum.

Normal Values

The absence of antibodies (negative test) is normal.

What abnormal results mean

Abnormal results may mean you have an active histoplasmosis infection.

People who have been exposed to H. capsulatum in the past may also have antibodies to it, often at low levels. However, they may not have shown signs of illness.

Note: In the first stage of an illness, few antibodies may be detected. Antibody production increases during the course of an infection. For this reason, tests are often repeated several weeks after the first test.

What the risks are

Veins and arteries vary in size from one patient to another and from one side of the body to the other. Obtaining a blood sample from some people may be more difficult than from others.

Other risks associated with having blood drawn are slight but may include:

• Excessive bleeding
• Fainting or feeling light-headed
• Hematoma (blood accumulating under the skin)
• Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken)

References

Kauffman CA. Histoplasmosis. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 353.

Deepe GS Jr. Histoplasma capsulatum. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2009:chap 264.

Reviewed By

Review Date: 06/09/2011

David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine; Jatin M. Vyas, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Assistant in Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.