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Generally, no because he would no longer be providing support for the child nor sharing a household, but there might be cases where the child would still qualify as a dependent for tax purposes. Usually someone else would qualify to claim the child instead.
If the father goes to prison his responsibility for child support does not stop. For all practical purposes, he will have no income and will not be able to pay you one cent. Do not expect to get any money out of him while his is in prison.
A step father has no legal obligation to support a step child.
No
If the child resides with you and more then half of the cost for the child is supplied by the father. The non-custodial parent can claim the child as a dependent if he has a court order stating thus. Otherwise no.
If the child lived with you for over 50% of the year (183 out of 365 days) then yes, you can claim the child as a dependent on your tax return, even if they don't live with you now.
Yes, a parent can still claim a child who is in prison as a dependent if the other IRS dependency requirements are met. The child must have received more than half of their support from the parent and meet other criteria.
If he was responsible for over 50% of the cost of the child, he can claim the child as a dependent. That would mean that no one else was entitled to claim the child, including the father and mother.
yes
If your child lived with you but you did not claim it as a dependent you can still file head of household. You have to list the child's name and social security number on your return.
Up until the child turns age 18 and even if the father was never notified of the existence of the child, as is common.
As long as you can prove paternity (if needed) and you provide for the child, you can.