Kyphosis

Answer 1

Exaggerated thoracic curve giving a "humpback" appearance.

Answer 2

Definition

Kyphosis is a curving of the spine that causes a bowing of the back, which leads to a hunchback or slouching posture.

Alternative Names

Scheuermann's disease; Roundback; Hunchback; Postural kyphosis

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

Kyphosis is a spinal deformity. It can be caused by:

• Degenerative disease (such as arthritis)
• Developmental problems
• Trauma

Kyphosis can occur at any age, although it is rare at birth.

Adolescent kyphosis, also known as Scheuermann's disease, is caused by the wedging together of several bones of the spine (vertebrae) in a row. The cause of Scheuermann's disease is unknown.

In adults, kyphosis can be a result of:

• Fractures caused by osteoporosis (osteoporotic compression fractures)
• Slipping of one vertebra forward on another (spondylolisthesis)

Other causes of kyphosis include:

• Certain endocrine diseases
• Connective tissue disorders
• Disk degeneration
• Infection (such as tuberculosis)
• Muscular dystrophy
• Neurofibromatosis
• Paget's disease
• Polio
• Spina bifida
• Tumors

Kyphosis can also be seen with scoliosis. Each cause has its own risk factors.

Symptoms

• Difficulty breathing (in severe cases)
• Fatigue
• Mild Back pain
• Round back appearance
• Tenderness and stiffness in the spine

Signs and tests

Physical examination by a health care provider confirms the abnormal curve of the spine. The doctor will also look for any nervous system (neurological) changes (weakness, paralysis, or changes in sensation) below the curve.

Other tests may include:

• Spine x-ray
• Pulmonary function tests (if kyphosis affects breathing)
• MRI (if there may be a tumor, infection, or neurological symptoms)

Treatment

Treatment depends on the cause of the disorder:

• Congenital kyphosis requires corrective surgery at an early age.
• Scheuermann's disease is treated with a brace and physical therapy. Occasionally surgery is needed for large (greater than 60 degrees), painful curves.
• Multiple compression fractures from osteoporosis can be left alone if there are no nervous system problems or pain. However, the osteoporosis needs to be treated to help prevent future fractures. For debilitating deformity or pain, surgery is an option.
• Kyphosis caused by infection or tumor needs to be treated more aggressively, often with surgery and medications.

Treatment for other types of kyphosis depends on the cause. Surgery may be necessary if neurological symptoms develop.

Expectations (prognosis)

Adolescents with Scheuermann's disease tend to do well even if they need surgery, and the disease stops once they stop growing. If the kyphosis is due to degenerative joint diseaseor multiple compression fractures, surgery is needed to correct the defect and improve pain.

Complications

• Decreased lung capacity
• Disabling back pain
• Neurological symptoms including leg weakness or paralysis
• Round back deformity

Prevention

Treating and preventing osteoporosis can prevent many cases of kyphosis in the elderly. Early diagnosis and bracing of Scheuermann's disease can reduce the need for surgery, but there is no way to prevent the disease.

References

Shelton YA. Scoliosis and kyphosis in adolescents: diagnosis and management. Adolesc Med State Art Rev. 2007;18:121-139.

Answer 3

Definition

Kyphosis is a curving of the spine that causes a bowing or rounding of the back, which leads to a hunchback or slouching posture.

Alternative Names

Scheuermann's disease; Roundback; Hunchback; Postural kyphosis

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

Kyphosis can occur at any age, although it is rare at birth.

Adolescent kyphosis, also known as Scheuermann's disease, is caused by the wedging together of several bones of the spine (vertebrae) in a row. The cause of Scheuermann's disease is unknown.

In adults, kyphosis can be caused by:

• Degenerative diseases of the spine (such as arthritis or disk degeneration)
• Fractures caused by osteoporosis (osteoporotic compression fractures)
• Injury (trauma)
• Slipping of one vertebra forward on another (spondylolisthesis)

Other causes of kyphosis include:

• Certain endocrine diseases
• Connective tissue disorders
• Infection (such as tuberculosis)
• Muscular dystrophy
• Neurofibromatosis
• Paget's disease
• Polio
• Spina bifida
• Tumors

Kyphosis can also be seen with scoliosis. Each cause has its own risk factors.

Symptoms

• Difficulty breathing (in severe cases)
• Fatigue
• Mild back pain
• Round back appearance
• Tenderness and stiffness in the spine

Signs and tests

Physical examination by a health care provider confirms the abnormal curve of the spine. The doctor will also look for any nervous system (neurological) changes (weakness, paralysis, or changes in sensation) below the curve.

Other tests may include:

• Spine x-ray
• Pulmonary function tests (if kyphosis affects breathing)
• MRI (if there may be a tumor, infection, or neurological symptoms)

Treatment

Treatment depends on the cause of the disorder:

• Congenital kyphosis requires corrective surgery at an early age.
• Scheuermann's disease is treated with a brace and physical therapy. Occasionally surgery is needed for large (greater than 60 degrees), painful curves.
• Multiple compression fractures from osteoporosis can be left alone if there are no nervous system problems or pain. However, the osteoporosis needs to be treated to help prevent future fractures. For debilitating deformity or pain, surgery is an option.
• Kyphosis caused by infection or tumor needs to be treated more aggressively, often with surgery and medications.

Treatment for other types of kyphosis depends on the cause. Surgery may be necessary if neurological symptoms or persistent pain develop.

Expectations (prognosis)

Adolescents with Scheuermann's disease tend to do well even if they need surgery, and the disease stops once they stop growing. If the kyphosis is due to degenerative joint diseaseor multiple compression fractures, surgery is needed to correct the defect and improve pain.

Complications

• Decreased lung capacity
• Disabling back pain
• Neurological symptoms including leg weakness or paralysis
• Round back deformity

Prevention

Treating and preventing osteoporosis can prevent many cases of kyphosis in the elderly. Early diagnosis and bracing of Scheuermann's disease can reduce the need for surgery, but there is no way to prevent the disease.

References

Spiegel DA, Hosalkar HS, Dormans JP. The spine. In: Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, Stanton BF, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 18th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 678.

Freeman BL III. Scoliosis and kyphosis. In: Canale ST, Beaty JH, eds. Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics. 11th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Mosby Elsevier; 2007:chap 38.

Reviewed By

Review Date: 07/28/2010

Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Medical Director, MEDEX Northwest Division of Physician Assistant Studies, University of Washington, School of Medicine; C. Benjamin Ma, MD, Assistant Professor, Chief, Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, UCSF Department of Orthopaedic Surgery. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.