Parainfluenza refers to a group of viruses that lead to upper and lower respiratory infections.
Causes, incidence, and risk factorsThere are four types of parainfluenza virus, all of which can cause upper respiratory infections or lower respiratory infections (pneumonia) in adults and children. The virus is responsible for approximately 40-50% of croupcases and 10-15% of bronchiolitis and bronchitis cases and some pneumonias.
The exact number of cases of parainfluenza is unknown but suspected to be very high. Sometimes the viruses cause only a runny nose and other symptoms that may be diagnosed as a simple cold rather than parainfluenza.
Infections are most common in fall and winter. Parainfluenza infections are most severe in infants and become less severe with age. By school age, most children have been exposed to parainfluenza virus. Most adults have antibodies against parainfluenza although they can get repeat infections.
SymptomsSymptoms vary depending on the type of infection. Cold-like symptoms consisting of a runny nose and mild cough are common. Life-threatening respiratory symptoms can be seen in young infants with bronchiolitis.
In general, symptoms may include:
A physical exam may show sinus tenderness, swollen glands, and a red throat. The doctor will listen to the lungs and chest with a stethoscope. Abnormal sounds, such as crackling or wheezing, may be heard.
Tests that may be done include:
There is no specific treatment for the viral infection. Specific treatments are available for the symptoms of croup and bronchiolitis.
Expectations (prognosis)Most infections in adults and older children are mild and recovery takes place without treatment, unless the person is very old or has an abnormal immune system. Medical intervention may be necessary if breathing difficulties develop.
ComplicationsSecondary bacterial infections are the most common complication. Airway obstructionin croup and bronchiolitis can be severe, even life-threatening.
Calling your health care providerCall your health care provider if your child develops croup, wheezing or any other type of breathing difficulty. You may wish to call your health care provider for children under 18 months of age with any type of upper respiratory symptoms.
PreventionThere are no vaccines available for parainfluenza. Avoiding crowds to limit exposure during peak outbreaks may decrease the likelihood of infection.
Limiting exposure to daycare centers and nurseries may delay infection until the child is older.
Parainfluenza refers to a group of viruses that lead to upper and lower respiratory infections.
Causes, incidence, and risk factorsThere are four types of parainfluenza virus, all of which can cause upper respiratory infections or lower respiratory infections (pneumonia) in adults and children. The virus can cause croup,bronchiolitis,bronchitis and certain types of pneumonia.
The exact number of cases of parainfluenza is unknown but suspected to be very high. Sometimes the viruses cause only a runny nose and other symptoms that may be diagnosed as a simple cold rather than parainfluenza.
Infections are most common in fall and winter. Parainfluenza infections are most severe in infants and become less severe with age. By school age, most children have been exposed to parainfluenza virus. Most adults have antibodies against parainfluenza although they can get repeat infections.
SymptomsSymptoms vary depending on the type of infection. Cold-like symptoms consisting of a runny nose and mild cough are common. Life-threatening respiratory symptoms can be seen in young infants with bronchiolitis and those with weakened immune systems.
In general, symptoms may include:
A physical exam may show sinus tenderness, swollen glands, and a red throat. The doctor will listen to the lungs and chest with a stethoscope. Abnormal sounds, such as crackling or wheezing, may be heard.
Tests that may be done include:
There is no specific treatment for the viral infection. Specific treatments are available for the symptoms of croup and bronchiolitis.
Expectations (prognosis)Most infections in adults and older children are mild and recovery takes place without treatment, unless the person is very old or has an abnormal immune system. Medical intervention may be necessary if breathing difficulties develop.
ComplicationsSecondary bacterial infections are the most common complication. Airway obstructionin croup and bronchiolitis can be severe, even life-threatening.
Calling your health care providerCall your health care provider if you or your child develops croup, wheezing or any other type of breathing difficulty. Contact your health care provider if a child under 18 months develops any type of upper respiratory symptoms.
PreventionThere are no vaccines available for parainfluenza. Avoiding crowds to limit exposure during peak outbreaks may decrease the likelihood of infection.
Limiting exposure to daycare centers and nurseries may delay infection until the child is older.
ReferencesLee FUH, Treanor J. In: Mason RJ, Broaddus CV, Martin TR, et al. Murray & Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2010:chap 31.
Reviewed ByReview Date: 09/17/2010
David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine; Denis Hadjiliadis, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
DHPP generally defends agains distemper, hepatitis, parainfluenza,and parvovirus and DA2PP generally defends against canine distemper, adenovirus type 2, parainfluenza, canine parvovirus, and canine coronavirus. No they ARE NOT the same :)
DHPPC as the dog vaccine, vaccinates against Distemper, Hepatitis, Parainfluenza, Parvo, and Corona.
Distemper, Hepatitis, Parainfluenza and Parvovirus. The DHPP vaccine is used to help prevent these diseases from affecting your dog.
Distemper, adenovirus type 2 (which also covers hepatitis), parainfluenza, and parvovirus. It is very similar to DHPP but is not identical.
DHPP vaccine is a combination of four vaccinces given to puppies on intervals it stands for Distemper, Hepatitis, Parainfluenza, and Parvovirus
The vaccine against distemper, hepatitis, leptospirosis, parainfluenza and parvovirus that is given to 1 year old puppies and dogs each year after.
Canine Distemper-Adenovirus Type 2-Parainfluenza-Parvovirus Vaccine, Modified Live Virus-Leptospira Bacterin
A vaccine for canines. D stands for Distemper, A stands for Adenovirus, P stands for Parvo, L stands for Leptospirosis, P stands for Parainfluenza.
multiple sclerosis may be the body's delayed immune reaction to viruses such as measles, Herpes simplex, rubella, and parainfluenza.
Dog vaccines normally offer protection from Distemper, Hepatitis, Parvovirus, Parainfluenza and Leptospirosis. Vaccines can also be given against Kennel Cough and Rabies.
dhpp and rabies vaccines. distemper, hepatitis, parvo, and parainfluenza(dhpp), maybe kennel cough(bordetella) but i doubt it
Ronald Mark Silflow has written: 'Effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on bovine alveolar macrophages infected with parainfluenza virus, type 3' -- subject(s): Omega-3 fatty acids, Parainfluenza viruses, Macrophages 'Comparison of pulmonary host defense mechanisms in Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis canadensis) and domestic sheep' -- subject(s): Diseases, Sheep, Bighorn sheep