It depends on the national state of emergency. If there is a state of national emergency then all civilian aircraft are usually grounded and the military have precedence.
I don't think there are limits to how slow an aircraft can fly in any airspace.
By radar or GPS.
There's no single answer for this. When a presidential aircraft moves, the government declares airspace restrictions. (If the airspace belongs to a country other than the one the president runs, that government will declare airspace restrictions as a diplomatic gesture.)
Aircraft classification refers to the physical environment that an aircraft may operate within.For instance sea planes and float planes are authorized to land on water.Helicopters are authorized to apply for flight plans that end at heliports.Land Civilian Aircraft may land at any airport that fits their designation.Same goes for commercial aircraft.Area of Operation refers to the level of authorization the aircraft has to operate in different parts of the world. For instance the FAA runs US airspace, the Canadian airspace is regulated by the crown. Europe has it's own aircraft sanctioning body, as does asia. To keep an aircraft up to code in each is a heap of paperwork.For instance an aircraft in the US needs a STC or TC (supplemental type certificate, or type certificate) to even install a part in their aircraft. In Europe, this isn't as heavily enforced. In Africa, and parts of Asia, it doesn't even matter. Therefore, aircraft that don't meet US airspace requirements aren't allowed entry.For an example of certification paperwork, look at the Aircraft Battery application guide from Concorde Aircraft Battery. Goes a bit further than the list to replace your car's oil filter eh.http://www.concordebattery.com/faa1.php
The Lockheed U-2 flown by Gary Powers .
Military aircrafts don't disable their transponder beacon when flying in enemy airspace, they change the settings on it though.
Airspace in the US is classified into the following categories: A, B, C, D, E, and G. The airspace is ordered from Class A-Tightest control to Class G-No control. Class A airspace is anywhere from 18000 feet to flight lever 600 (approx. 60000 feet); all aircraft in class A airspace must fly IFR (instrument flight rules) and stay in contact with ATC. The required separation is also greater in class A airspace. Class B airspace surrounds larger airports, and consists of 3 or more "shelves". Class B airspace looks somewhat like an upside down wedding cake. In Class B airspace, all aircraft require a specific clearance to enter or fly through the airspace. Class C airspace Surrounds smaller airports, and looks like an upside down cake with only two layers. Aircraft entering class C airspace need only establish two way radio contact with ATC before entering. Class D airspace has the same restrictions as class C, but has only one layer. Class E airspace encompass everything from 1200 feet to 18000 feet that is not Class B, C, D, or, G. Sometimes the base elevation is lower or higher that 1200 feet, but 1200 is the normal base. Class E also encompasses everything above Flight Level 600. VFR (visual flight rules) aircraft are not required to contact ATC in class E airspace. IFR aircraft maintain ACT contact in class E. Class G airspace is uncontrolled, and usually extends to anything below 1200 feet. Even IFR aircraft do not contact ATC in class G airspace.
The FAA regulates all aircraft when it comes to air traffic control within controlled airspace. Military aircraft always have the prerogative to declare "Due Regard" (operations will be conducted with due regard for the safety other aircraft) or "MARSA" (military assumes responsibility for separation of aircraft) when the mission requires it. The FAA does not have control over the training or certification of military pilots of aircraft. An interesting deviation to this are the civilian aircraft that are also in the US Air Force inventory. These include the VIP aircraft used to carry generals and politicians and includes Air Force One. These aircraft were certified by the FAR's (Federal Aviation Regulations). The E-4 Airborne Command Post was developed from a Boeing B747-200. It was already certified by the FAR's. But the Air Force added liquid oxygen system (civilian aircraft only use gaseous oxygen) and an In-flight Refueling Receptical. These were certified by military regulations. The USAF required a higher Take-off Gross Weight so Boeing added the General Electric CF-6 engines and larger brakes and this was certified by Boeing using FAR's and flight test program.
Airspace is crucial when training on ground targets as it ensures safety and coordination among various aircraft operations, preventing mid-air collisions. Proper airspace management allows for controlled training environments, enabling pilots to focus on target engagement without the risk of interference from other aircraft. Additionally, defined airspace helps in the effective use of training resources, ensuring that ground target exercises can be conducted efficiently and within designated zones.
1,000-foot ceiling and 3 miles visibility.
Pilots use instruments such as altimeters, airspeed indicators, and attitude indicators to measure altitude, airspeed, and aircraft orientation. These instruments help pilots navigate safely through airspace and maintain control of the aircraft during flight.
'AEW' Stands for 'Airborne Early Warning' and are aircraft that have radar and surveillance facilities on-board, as used by air forces across the world. Such aircraft usually have a manned control centre on board where radar data is monitored by operatives. AEWACS is a variation on the 'AEW' abbreviation meaning 'Airborne Early Warning And Control System' which acknowledges the ability of the aircraft to also control the surrounding airspace with the radar data provided. AEW aircraft usually have large radar's mounted on the fuselage, some looking like flying causers on the back of the aircraft.