Epoxy will do this.
Most auto part stores sell a kit to reattach, glue, that terminal to the glass.
Yes, super glue is excellent for glass.
Epoxy is best for gluing glass to wood.
Hot glue won't really work to hold a bolt in place with any strength.
Elmer's China and Glass glue.
Yes, J B Weld will glue to glass
Super glue can.
Super glue or Krazy glue.
Elmer's China and Glass glue, available in Walmart
almost any kind of glue will from home hard ware
Super glue won't stick to silicone.