Excessive white smoke could mean a bad egr cooler which means it is burning coolant or it could be unburned fuel. You need to check and see what it smells like. Egr coolers are only on newer vehicles.
yes...the lack of air would causes excessive fuel which would cause black smoke.
water
Blue smoke is burning oil.
The main cause of motorbike smoke is when the diesel is being burned and used in the engine. This smoke causes pollution to the environment.
unburnt fuel
The cause of white puffing smoke in a diesel is the crack pipe ventilator seal. Fix that it keeps the crack inside.
Usally that is an indication that the valve seals need replaced.
White smoke at start up is due to moisture in the exhaust or on a diesel it can be normal due to the engine being cold.White smoke at start up is due to moisture in the exhaust or on a diesel it can be normal due to the engine being cold.
usually a blown head gasket (most all the time white smoke on a a diesel engine means antifreeze in the combustion chamber)
excessive amount of fuel, running too rich.
not the perfect air fuel mixture. normal under load and acceleration.
Yes, if the the engine is a steam engine or a diesel engine. The diesel engine smoke should be almost invisible when the engine is in good condition. Electric locomotives are not typically called "engines", but these do not produce smoke.