Yes. The Petitioner (or Appellant) brings his or her case against the Respondent (or Appellee). The Petitioner is the one who files a petition for a writ of certiorari.
Usually, this means the Petitioner lost in the intermediate Court of Appeals, but there have been occasional instances where the winning party files first, in anticipation of the decision being challenged. This strategy is sometimes employed because the Petitioner gets to present his (or her) case first, and may reserve a portion of his allotted 30 minutes for rebuttal after the Respondent has argued. Having an opportunity to rebut the opponent's argument can present a significant advantage.
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"Party," in general legal parlance, means the Plaintiff(s) and Defendant(s), or the Petitioner(s) and the Respondent(s), or the Appellee(s) and Appellants(s), the specific people or organizations who have a grievance against each other. This does not include their attorneys, witnesses, or other related people.The US Supreme Court most often refers to the parties as the Petitioner(s) (the person or people who requested the Court review their case on appeal) and the Respondent(s) (the Petitioner(s) opponent). They also use the terms Appellee and Appellant, but this is somewhat archaic language.
Impeachment was the action voted by the House of Representatives against Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase. However, the Senate didn't uphold the impeachment.
Nothing, unless a party with standing to challenge the law files suit against the United States in US District Court, the losing party appeals the case to the appropriate US Court of Appeals Circuit Court (usually), and the subsequent losing party files a petition for a writ of certiorari (request to review the case) with the US Supreme Court. If they grant cert (accept the case), the Supreme Court will evaluate whether the law conforms to the US Constitution either in general, or as applied. If the Court determines the law is unconstitutional, it will be nullified and rendered unenforceable. It is important to note that the US Supreme Court does not systematically review every law Congress passes. Someone who is severely and directly, negatively affected by the law, and has a grievance that can be resolved by a court, must file suit and exhaust the required appeals process before the Supreme Court can review the case (and the law).
The v. in Supreme Court cases stands for the word versus. For example Roe v. Wade spelled out would say Roe versus Wade. But cases are never witten as such. "versus' is Latin for "against".
Whenever a U. S. President is in violation of the law as interpreted by the U. S. Supreme Court (or even if he/she is in violation of a law that the Supreme Court has not tested), it is the responsibility of Congress to impeach him/her.