Thomas Hobbes
Congress was the dominant political institution during the 19th century.
Alexis de Tocqueville
Progressive
Liberals in the 19th century were the whigs in England. They had formed into a fairly large party by the mid-19th century.
A seventeenth-century European king would most likely support the theory of absolute monarchy, which posits that a monarch holds supreme authority and is not bound by laws or regulations imposed by a governing body. This theory, championed by thinkers like Thomas Hobbes, justified the king's divine right to rule, asserting that the monarchy's power was ordained by God. Such a belief reinforced the king's control over both his subjects and the state, aligning with the period's political landscape.
Bolsheviks were a revolutionary political party in early 20th century Russia. They opposed the Romanov autocratic rule.
Championed literacy
Czars
Cleisthenes and Peisistratus were both significant figures in ancient Athens, but they had different impacts on the political landscape. Cleisthenes, often called the "Father of Athenian Democracy," implemented reforms around 508-507 BCE that established the foundations of democratic governance, promoting citizen participation and reorganizing the political structure. In contrast, Peisistratus, a tyrant who ruled in the 6th century BCE, focused on consolidating power and promoting economic prosperity through public works and fostering the arts, but he did not democratize the political system in the same way Cleisthenes did. While Cleisthenes championed democratic ideals, Peisistratus represented a more autocratic rule.
Credit for this idea has been given to 19th century military theorist Carl von Clausewitz. His book called On War provides examples of this.
*actor, space, lighting
The term "Democratic Socialism" is often attributed to the early 20th-century socialist and political theorist Eduard Bernstein, who sought to reconcile socialism with democracy. However, the term gained prominence in the mid-20th century, particularly through its use by various political movements and parties in Europe and the United States. It emphasizes the pursuit of socialist goals through democratic means rather than revolutionary change.
The Baroque era, spanning roughly from the late 16th to the early 18th century, was not characterized by political freedom and democracy. Instead, it was marked by absolute monarchies and centralized power, with rulers like Louis XIV of France epitomizing autocratic governance. While some Enlightenment ideas began to emerge during this period, the widespread implementation of democratic principles and political freedom did not take shape until later, particularly in the 18th century with the rise of the Enlightenment and subsequent revolutions.
Both Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky were "students" in a sense of the writings of Carl von Clausewitz. They read his works and understood that political power can be enhanced towards a revolution that understands the connection or war and politics.
the salon
The political candidate for the Populist Party who was a strong advocate for farmers was William Jennings Bryan. He gained prominence in the late 19th century, particularly with his famous "Cross of Gold" speech, which championed bimetallism to help struggling farmers. Bryan ran for president three times, in 1896, 1900, and 1908, representing the interests of agrarian reform and economic justice.
Muckrakers were primarily supported by progressive reformers, journalists, and the general public who sought to address social and political issues in the early 20th century. Their investigative journalism was often backed by reform-minded publishers and magazines, such as McClure's and Collier's, which provided a platform for their work. Additionally, some political leaders and activists championed their causes, recognizing the importance of exposing corruption and advocating for social change.