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The Germanic tribes that invaded the Roman Empire, eventually breaking it up, consisted of armies and their families, following a leader, who was usually called their king, and often elected by councils of important people. These were the kings of the Early Middle Ages. Their role was largely military, but they always had a responsibility of enforcing whatever laws the tribes had, and possibly of creating new laws.

As they settled, and came to regard lands as their own possessions. They came more and more to be people who provided not only defense and political guidance, but social and moral guidance to their people. Kings, for example, were instrumental in the spread of Christianity because if a monk could convert a king, he could convert a nation. The mission of St. Augustine of Canterbury to the court of King Ethelbert of Kent, in 597 AD, lead to a mass baptism of his subjects on Christmas Day of that year.

Kings made policies for the improvement of their kingdoms. Charlemagne and Alfred the Great introduced policies that improved education within their kingdoms.

Kings organized the government, which was usually dependent on a hierarchy of power in which estates were granted in exchange for support and loyalty. The person receiving the estate and office was called a vassal, and he could delegate authority similarly. The ceremony in which this happened was called commendation.

They often had a great urge to extend the boundaries of their kingdoms. This lead to wars, which were endless during the medieval times. The destruction and misery resulting from these wars was impossible for many people to imagine. Nothing we have today is any worse. Treatment of prisoners was incredibly cruel in many cases.

But the effect was to form greater kingdoms with more unified languages and literature. Kings increased trade to become richer, and to enrich their nations. Economic development became a carefully though out policy in many cases, and many kings invited people into their kingdoms to improve them. The treatment of Jews is a good example of this, and provides a good example also of how kings could be ignorant and destructive. Jews were invited into areas that could benefit from their presence. They included many educated people, physicians, scientists, philosophers, teacher, and bankers. The physicians could save the lives of people in a king's family, and the bankers could pay high taxes and lend a king money. That is fine until a king comes along who is deep in debt, healthy, and ignorant, and then the Jews are expelled without repayment of loans, or worse.

The inconsistencies of royal leadership lead eventually to parliaments or other councils gaining control. Eventually, the role of the king became less and less political, and more and more symbolic. This was true more in some places than in others. For example, the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire was often a man without much power. And it was more true or less in various times. Kings of France gained, lost, and regained power as centuries went by. The Magna Carta was signed because barons pressured King John, but it reduced royal authority and provided a basis for English laws and freedoms.

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14y ago

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