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Established by Congress on 8 April 1912 (Stat. L., 79), the U.S. Children's Bureau became the first national agency in the world created solely to focus on the needs of children and youth. The act establishing the bureau instructed that the new agency "investigate and report . . . upon all matters pertaining to the welfare of children and child life among all classes of our people." This broad mandate marked the national government's permanent entrance into the general arena of social welfare. Julia C. Lathrop was named as the Children's Bureau chief and thereby became the first woman to head a U.S. federal agency. Along with the fight for female suffrage, women had been increasingly engaged in reform efforts for children and their families. Underscoring this important role, the first five Children's Bureau chiefs were women: Grace Abbott (1921-1934), Katharine F. Lenroot (1934-1951), Martha May Eliot (1951-1956), and Katherine B. Oettinger (1956-1969). In 1972 President Richard Nixon appointed the first man to head the agency, Edward F. Zigler, who was also the first African American Children's Bureau chief.

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