The ability to nominate Justices to the US Supreme Court. :)
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Vice president nominee George Pendleton led the opposition to the 13th amendment, which was the ban on slavery. As a result the amendment made changes to its content in order to gain more supporters.
The 22nd constitutional amendment is not a direct cause of Lame-duck presidents. A Lame-duck president will result anytime a new president is elected. The only real impact this amendment has on this occurance is that it guarantees that a lame-duck occurs every 8 years at the latest, as a president cannot be elected to a third term. Before this amendment it was traditional for a president not to seek a third term as President Washington eschewed a third term. Franklin Roosevelt was the only president to be elected to a third term, or a fourth term for that matter, the amendment was a reaction to the length of his presidency. Thus, before this amendment, lame-duck presidents were already occurring regularly and are not the result of this amendment. Hope that helps.
Prohibition was created by means of a constitutional amendment, that was enacted in 1920, largely as a result of the efforts of the Women's Christian Temperance Union. They were an effective special interest group.
The Constitutional Amendment that resulted from the Quartering Act is the Third: "No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law."
Since the US became independent of Britain as a result of the Revolutionary War, Britain did not come to set slaves free in America. It was not until after the Civil War that the slaves were freed by constitutional amendment.