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A government that does not allow normal citizens to participate - APEX
The Justices of the U.S. Court can reverse the decision of a lower court.
Africans had a variety of political structures, including monarchies and kinship alliances.
the reipical trade
In the 1430s, the Taureg tribes took control of the city as the Mali Empire's power was diminishing. Then in 1462, Songhai ruler Sonni Ali Ber captured Timbuktu after defeating the Tuareg forces there. Ali Ber developed the city into a major trading city afterwards.