The Great Compromise (also known as the Connecticut Compromise) settled the debate over state representation in Congress.
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The population of a state really affects the representation in Congress. In fact, change in represention all depends on the population. So, to answer your question, every time there is a big change in the population that is when the representation changes.
Representation should be determined by population. While the New Jersey plan proposed representation would be equal for all states. :)
It solved the problem of representation in congress because the house of representatives was based on proportional representation (# of representatives based on population) which made the larger states happy and the Senate was based on equal representation (each state got two representatives) which made the small states happy. So each state was represented.
Northern states felt that representation in Congress should be based on the number of free people. Southern states believed that representation should be based on total population, which included slaves.
The Great Compromise stated that representation in the House of Representatives should be determined through population. While the Senate would have an equal number of representatives from each state, the House of Representatives would include one representative for each 30,000 individuals in a state.