I don't think this would answer the full question that you asked, but Mesopotamians did use irrigation to protect their crops from flood and drought. Flood would probably wipe out their crops and drought would dry their crops. A thing I'm not sure of is how they would protect their crops from locusts. When I find the answer I'll be sure to send you that too.
-Anon
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Early Mesopotamian farmers grew many different crops. If you were able to go back there in time, you would see fields of wheat and barley. These were the region's most important crops.
there are able to because they had the right amount of sunlight and rich soil
By cultivating crops and raising animals, the Mesopotamians were able to store a surplus of food. Thanks to food surplus, many people were no longer needed for hunting and gathering, and it only took some of the people to farm, so the rest could specialize at learning other tasks. Additionally, farming allowed the population to increase.
Tax paid by farmers in Ancient Egypt was used by the government to fund various projects and services, including the construction of public infrastructure such as irrigation systems and temples, the maintenance of a standing army, and the administration of the bureaucracy. The taxes collected were also used to support the pharaoh and the royal court, as well as to finance trade expeditions and diplomatic missions. Overall, tax revenue played a crucial role in sustaining the economy and the government of Ancient Egypt.
Conquest, establishing an effective provincial government system, and being able to protect the Empire and advance its prosperity.